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Videophone
Descriptive names and terminology
See also: List of video telecommunications services and brands
modern trend: new units, as this model of Nortel IP 1535, have migrated out of slow POTS lines to ISDN for faster broadband and VoIP services
The Videophone name is not as uniform as its earlier counterpart, the phone, resulting in a variety of names and terms that are used throughout the world and even within the same region or country. Videophones are also known as videophones (or video phones) and often one of the first trademarks name "PicturePhone" which was the world's first commercial video produced in volume. 'Videophone' The name gradually came compound in general use after 1950, despite the 'videophone' probably entered the lexicon early after 'video' was coined in 1935.
Videophone calls (or video calls), differ from video in which they hope to serve individuals, not groups. However, this distinction is increasingly blurred with technological improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow multiple parties in a call. In general everyday use of videoconferencing term is often used instead of video call for calls from point to point between two units. Both Videophone calls and video conferencing are also commonly known as "video link."
Webcams are popular devices, the cost relatively low, that can deliver live video and audio streams through personal computers, and can be used with many clients for video calling software.
A system Videoconferencing is usually cost over a videophone and a greater capacity to deploy. A videoconference (also known as videoteleconference) allows two or more locations to communicate via live video and simultaneous two-way audio transmission mechanisms. This is often accomplished by using a unit multipoint control (centralized distribution and management system calls) or a similar non-centralized multipoint capability built into each unit of video. Once again, technology improvements have circumvented the traditional definition videoconferencing allows more accountable through web-based applications. An article separate Web page dedicated to the videoconference.
A telepresence system is a videoconferencing system and service quality usually used by offices corporate business level. telepresence conference rooms using state of the designs of high-tech room, video cameras, screens, sound systems and processors, along with broadband transmissions at very high capacity.
Typical applications of various technologies described above include videocalling or videoconferencing on the basis of one to one, one-to-many or many to many, for personal, business, education, Tele-Relay deaf and tele-medicine, diagnostic use and rehabilitation or services. Use new services and videoconferencing videocalling such as personal video calls to prisoners incarcerated in correctional facilities, and service videoconferencing to solve problems of airlines in maintenance engineering facilities are being established or evolving on a continual basis.
Other Names for 'videophone' that have been used in English are: Viewphone (the British equivalent of AT & T telecommunications PicturePhone) and videophone, Common French translation has also introduced the use of limited English and over twenty less common names and expressions. Latin translation of 'Videophone' in other languages include vidophone (French), bildtelefon (German), Videophone (Italian), both videfono and videotelfono (Spanish) both beeldtelefoon and videofoon (Dutch), and videophones (Catalan).
Early history
Fiction becomes reality: an imaginary early videophone combination of television, conceived by George du Maurier, published in 1878. Note the use of speaking tubes contemporary then both the father in the foreground and daughter in the display.
Just two years after the telephone was first patented in the United States, an initial concept of a videophone combined TV / widescreen called telephonoscope was conceptualized in popular magazines of the time. It was also mentioned in various science fiction early works such as Le shekel Vingtime: lectrique La vie (El Siglo 20: Electrical life) and other works written by Albert Robida, and was also outlined in cartoons several of George du Maurier as a fictional invention of Thomas Edison. A sketch as published on December 9, 1878 in the magazine Punch.
The term was also Telectroscope used in 1878 by French writer and publisher Louis Figuier, to popularize an invention misinterpreted as true and incorrectly attributed to Alexander Graham Bell. Written under the pseudonym of "Electrician", the article states that an "eminent scientists" had invented a device by which objects or people anywhere in the world "…. could be seen by anyone anywhere. " The device, among other things, allow traders to transmit images of their products to their customers, and the contents of the museum's collections to be made available to scholars in distant cities. In the era before the advent of broadcasting power to "see" the devices were seen as complementary to the phone, thus creating the concept of a videophone.
In April 1891, Alexander Graham Bell actually did record a radio concept notes on electricity, which discussed the possibility "…. to see by electricity "through devices that use tellurium or selenium image components. Bell was later to predict that" … that one day when the man on the phone would be able to see the distance to the person he was talking about. "
The compound name of 'videophone' gradually came into general use since 1950, although 'videophone' probably entered the lexicon early after 'video' was coined in 1935. Before that time there seemed no standard terms of 'videophone' with the words "visual radio" as "View television system of sound, and about 20 others (in English) that is used to describe the marriage of telegraph, telephone technologies, TV and radio used in the first experiments.
A pioneer of videoconferencing technology was teleostereograph machine developed by AT & T Bell Labs in the 1920, which was a precursor of today's fax (fax) machines. In 1927 AT & T had created its first videoconference electro-mechanical works 18 frames per second and occupied half of a room full of equipment cabinets. One of the first U.S. tests in 1927 had his then Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover address an audience in New York from Washington, DC, although the share was two-way audio, the video was one way to New York only be able to see Hoover.
First video phone service
The world's first public mobile video service was developed by Dr. Georg Schubert and open the German Reichspost in 1936 with 8-inch square sample (20 cm), but quickly closed due to World War II, 1940. [Citation needed] In that trial service, video phone lines linked Berlin to Nuremberg, Munich and Hamburg, with integrated terminals on telephone booths transmission and the same resolution as the first German television, 440 lines. [Citation needed] The service is offered to the general public had to visit at the same time special functions videophone booths office in their respective cities, but at the same time, also had political connotations and Nazi propaganda similar to the dissemination of the 1936 Olympics in Berlin.
The postal service Deutsche Bundespost later develop and deploy its video phone network BIGFON 1981 to 1988, serving several major cities in Germany.
AT & T PicturePhone
Three views of AT & T Advanced
Mod II PicturePhone, 1969
for office or personal use
AT & T PicturePhone (Mod. II) completely closed in your home, your control panel at the bottom
right lateral view, cover removed, a printed circuit boards exposed
A vision set out in the rear circuit board PicturePhone
In the U.S. AT & T led out extensive research and development of video phones, leading to public demonstrations of his trademark PicturePhone product and service in the decade 1960, including exhibits at the Fair, 1964 New York World. Demonstration units generally used in small houses oval swivel stands, intends to be on the desks. Similar PicturePhone AT & T units were also presented at the Telephone Association of Canada Pavilion (the "Bell" Pavilion) at Expo 67 World Fair International, held in Montreal, Canada in 1967. Demonstration units were available at these fairs for the public test, with fairground allows video calls to beneficiaries volunteers elsewhere.
The U.S. does not see his first video phone booths public until 1964, when AT & T installed its first commercial units videophone, the Mod PicturePhone I, public payphones in three cities: New York, Washington, DC and Chicago. PicturePhone booths were set up in Grand Central Station New York and elsewhere. With great fanfare, were also installed at PicturePhone Westinghouse offices in Pittsburgh, and other progressive companies. However, the use of reserve time slots and the initial cost of U.S. $ 16 for every three minutes in very limited public payphones calls its attractiveness to the point they were suspended in 1968.
difficulties not listed in the New York Telephone also slowed efforts AT & T, and few clients registered with the service, either in the city. A report by CNN on September 6, 2001 indicated that the service had only a total PicturePhone than 500 subscribers at its peak, and the service faded into 1970. [Citation needed] initial AT & T Mod I and Mod II PicturePhone updated programs, researched mainly in its Bell Laboratories spanned 15 years and consumes U.S. $ 500 million finally meet commercial failure. AT & T concluded that the videophone early was a "concept in search of a market" and suspended its service in late 1970 PicturePhone. The research and development programs carried out by Bell Laboratories were highly significant for the beyond-the-state-of-the-art results produced in materials science, advanced telecommunications, microelectronics and information technology.
Color PicturePhone AT & T was not used with their first models. These packaged units Plumbicon PicturePhone cameras and screens small CRT in their homes. The cameras were placed over their screens to help users see in the eyes. See this section for more information PicturePhone on technology. Later, the generation of the screens were bigger than the original demo units, approximately six inches (15 cm) square in a roughly cubical cabinet.
AT & T then the marketing of its VideoPhone 2500 to the general public from 1992 to 1995, with prices Starting at U.S. $ 1,500 and then fall to $ 1,000, again with very little commercial success.
Other devices principles: 19761999
The Lumaphone was developed and marketed by Atari and Mitsubishi in 1985. The project was initiated by the division Ataritel video game company Atari in 1983 under the direction Atari Steve Bristow. Atari later sold its division of Mitsubishi in 1984. The Lumaphone was marketed by Mitsubishi Electric U.S. in 1986 as the Luma LU-1000. Similar to Bell Telephone Labs image transfer early 1956, would transmit images every 35 seconds over analog POTS lines, and also could be connected to a standard TV or monitor to improve teleconferencing. A larger video image was available to join Visit it optional LU-500 screen.
Intellect (1993): it was a quasi-mobile videophone with still images and transfer of video clip, not live
The intellect is a neo-or videophone prototype Wireless. It was developed in 1993 by inventor Daniel A. Henderson, and included the still image and video transfers of non-live clip. The pioneering system and the device is designed to receive images and video data sent from a sender to a message center for transmission and display to a mobile device like a cell phone.
Intellect is essentially a cell phone with a large black and white screen that could display still images and video clips downloaded remotely from a computer via a wireless transmitter. The data transfer protocols for the first time in the design intellect were deployed later with the common camera phones released in early 2000. However, the full integration of cell phone, digital camera and wireless transmission infrastructure would take a couple of years to complete. The prototypes were donated to the Smithsonian National Museum of American History in 2007.
General lack of public acceptance
In this section is called "The general lack of public acceptance" is missing citations or needs footnotes. Please help add online dating to prevent copyright violations and inaccurate data. (December 2009)
Early AT & T Picturephone had few users, partly because the service is relatively expensive, about U.S. $ 90 per month in 1974. However, as modern technology reduces the costs of nominal (see: web camera and UMTS), video phone calling continued to be used marginally. This contrasts with many of the early, overly optimistic views that video telephony would become ubiquitous.
A the reasons may be that even today videophone call is an analogue of the poor face to face conversation. mobile video users also tend to look at the screen video and not the video camera, causing the eyes to take a look awkward unnatural, since the camera is usually placed just off the screen almost all videocalling enabled mobile phones.
Another reason may be that people least desire to be faithful in communication, as evidenced by the popularity written conversation (ie, text messaging and instant messaging, which are usually available in the entire video of cellular phones and software as chat).
There might also be said that for users who would benefit greatly from videoconferencing services (for example, members of a family that lives far away and can a strong desire, but very few opportunities for face to face conversations), the costs are still largely prohibitive for calls Mobile phone video: low-cost solutions to these calls (eg Skype Hutchison three mobile phones) only refer to a handful of countries from late 2008.
Current use
The ultimate in downsizing: a mobile video call between Sweden and Singapore Manufactured a Sony-Ericsson K800
The increased deployment of video telephony is happening now on mobile phones, like almost all the mobile phones UMTS networks can work as videophones to its inner chambers, and are able to make video calls wirelessly to other UMTS users in the same country or internationally. [Citation needed] From the second quarter of 2007, more than 131 million UMTS users (and therefore potential users of video conferencing), in 134 networks in 59 countries. [Citation needed]
Videophones are increasingly used in the provision of telemedicine to the elderly and those in remote locations where the ease and convenience to quickly obtain medical diagnostic services and consultation are evident. In one case cited in 2006: "A clinic run Letham by nurses has received a positive response in a test of a video link that allows 60 pensioners to be assessed by doctors without having to travel to the office a doctor or medical clinic. "Another improvement in telemedicine services has been the development of new technologies incorporated in special videophones enable remote diagnostic services, as the level of blood sugar, blood pressure and vital signs monitoring. These units are capable of transmitting both audio and video in addition to regular medical data on any standard (POTS) telephone lines or broadband later.
Video telephony is also teleconference deployed in enterprises, also available through the use of public access rooms videoconferencing. A higher level of video conferencing using advanced telecommunications technologies and high resolution screen is called telepresence.
Today the principles, if not the precise mechanisms of a videophone are used by many users around the world as a webcam video calls and personal computers with cheap cameras, microphones and free programs videocalling Web. Thus, an activity that was disappointing as a separate service found a niche as a minor feature in software products for for other purposes.
A video can also be created using an old computer or low-cost and dedication to run a video softphone. [Citation needed] This indicates that some users may want to use videophones conventional use, but is likely to trade ease of use to reduce costs.
Some have argued that unless conventional videophones add considerable value to low cost, and provided less costly alternatives (such as webphone) are available, be unlikely to become popular dedicated videophones. [Citation needed]
Sign language communication via videophone
Main article: Video Relay Service, a telecommunications service for deaf, hard of hearing and speech difficulties (silence) individuals who communicate with hearing people in a different place, and Video Remote Interpreting, which is used in people who are deaf or hard-to / from the hearing dumb people are in the same location as part of your audience
Video Artist sign used in the VRS / VRI service centers
One of the first demonstrations the ability of telecommunications to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when AT & T videoconferencing (such as the trademark 'PicturePhone') was presented to the public at the 1964 New York World's Fair deaf users could communicate freely with each other, between the exhibition and another city. Several organizations have conducted research on the firm through videophone.
Videophones are used by the deaf, hard of hearing and speech to communicate sign language, both among themselves and with hearing people. U.S. Federal Communications Commission Commission compensates companies to provide "services Video Relay for the deaf, hard of hearing and speech difficulties. These people can use a video to talk with others through a sign language interpreter, using a conventional telephone at the same time to communicate with the deaf party. Several other countries also offer video transmission and remote interpretation for the deaf.
Videophones are used to sign at the site of translation languages via Video Remote Interpreting (VRI). The relatively low cost and wide availability of UMTS mobile phones with video calling capabilities Deaf people have new opportunities to communicate with the same ease as others, with some mobile operators, including the implementation language without gateways signs. [Citation needed]
A deaf or mute with a video relay service to communicate with a hearing person
Sign interpretation Language through Video Remote Interpreting (VRI), or a video relay service (VRS) are useful in the present, where one party is deaf, with hearing or speech (silence). In such cases, the flow of interpretation is usually in the same first language, like French Sign Language (FSL) to speak French, Spanish Sign Language (SSL) to spoken Spanish, British Sign Language (BSL) to spoken English and American Sign Language (ASL) also fluent in English (from BSL and ASL are completely different), etc. These activities involve a considerable effort by the translator, since sign languages are different natural languages with their own construction and syntax, unlike the phonetic version of the language very beginning.
With video on the interpretation the sign language interpreters to work remotely with Live video and audio, so that the interpreter can see the match deaf or dumb, and converse with the hearing, and vice versa. As telephone interpreting, video interpreting can be used for situations where no on-site interpreters are available. No However, the video interpretation can not be used for situations in which all parties are on the phone itself. VRI and VRS interpretation requires all parties have the necessary equipment. Some advanced equipment allows players to remotely control the video camera to zoom in and out or point the camera at the party you're signing.
More information: The language of signs and language interpretation
Technology
Requirements bandwidth
See also: Broadband Internet Access
Videophones have historically used a variety of bandwidths for transmission and reception can be understood as data transmission speeds. The lower the transmission / reception bandwidth, the lower the data transfer rate, resulting in a limited image quality and poor. data transfer rates and quality of live video images are related, but are also subject to other factors such as data compression techniques. Some videophones early employees very low data rate transmission with a video quality resulting incomplete.
bandwidth broadband is often called "high speed", because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In general, any connection of 256 kbit / s (0.256 Mbit / s) or greater is considered more concisely broadband Internet. The International Organization for Standardization Sector Telecommunications (ITU-T) recommendation I.113 has defined broadband as a transmission capacity of 1.5 to 2 Mbit / s. The United States Federal Communications Commission definition of broadband is 768 kbit / s (0.8 Mbit / s).
Currently, the video suitable for certain purposes it is possible to lower data rates than definition of ITU-T Broadband, with rates of 768 kbit / s and 384 kbit / s used for some video conferencing applications, and rates as low as 100 kilobits per second used for videophones with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression protocols. The latest MPEG-4 video and audio compression format can transmit HD video quality to 2 Mbit / s, which is at the lower end of the cable modem and ADSL broadband performance. [Citation needed]
PicturePhone technology
Deutsche Telekom T-100 View rate ISDN videoconferencing for home offices and small businesses with a lens cover that can be rotated upward to ensure privacy when necessary
The bandwidth video PicturePhone was 1 MHz with a sweep rate of 30 Hz vertical, horizontal scan rate of 8 kHz, and about 250 scan lines visible. [Citation needed] The team includes a handsfree speakerphone, with an added box to control picture transmission. Each line used PicturePhone three twisted pairs of standard telephone cable, two pairs for video and one for audio and signaling. Cable amplifiers were spaced at one mile (1.6 km) with built-in filters of six adjustable EQ bands. For distances longer than a few kilometers, the signal was digitized at 2 MHz and 3 bits per sample DPCM, and transmitted in a T-2 carrier. [Citation needed]
The original system uses contemporary PicturePhone crossbar and multiple frequency operation. The lines and trunks of six wires, one pair in each direction for the video and a pair of two-way audio. direction from Monday to Friday, signaling the pair of audio was supplemented with a video monitoring of the signal (VSS) looping around on the video of four to ensure continuity. More complex protocols were adopted after conference. [Citation needed]
PicturePhone implementing new broadband service crossbar switches are designed and installed in the exchange offices 5XB the Bell System, which is the most widespread of the relatively modern kinds. [Citation needed] Hundreds of technicians attended schools to learn to operate the cable equalizer Test Set and other equipment, and install Picturephone.
AT & T later sold the VideoPhone 2500 to the general public from 1992 to 1995. [Citation needed] Was limited by the connection speed analog phone line about 19 kilobits per second, the video portion is 11200 bits / s, and with a speed maximum of 10 frames per second, but usually much smaller. The VideoPhone 2500 used proprietary protocols technology. [Citation needed]
Settings Call
Videoconferencing in the 20 th century was limited to the H.323 protocol (notably Cisco's SCCP implementation was an exception), but the new video phones often use SIP, which is often easier to set up home network environments. [Citation needed] H.323 is still used, but more commonly for videoconferencing business, while SIP is more commonly used in personal consumer videophones. A series of calls to the installation methods based on messaging protocols Skype instant and now also offer video images. The director of open source systems is Counterpath SIP Corp., which provides support to British Telecom, Deutsche Telekom, Sprint, Telmex, AT & T CallVantage, and the Cisco Unified Communications and Verizon. [Citation needed]
Another protocol used by videophones is H.324, which mixed call setup and video compression. Videophones that work on regular phone lines typically use H.324, but the bandwidth is limited by the modem to about 33 kbit / s, which limits the video quality and frame rate. A slightly modified version of H.324 called 3G-324M defined by 3GPP is also used by some mobile phones that allow video calls, typically for use only in UMTS networks. [Citation needed]
There is also standard H.320, which specifies the technical requirements for systems and narrow-band visual telephone terminal equipment, typically for services videoconferencing and videophone. It applies mainly to the dedicated network-based circuit switched (point to point) connections bandwidth moderate or high, as through broadband ISDN digital telephone protocol or a high-bandwidth fractional T1 lines. Modern products based on the H.320 standard usually also support H.323 standard.
Videophones in popular culture
In many science fiction movies and TV shows that are set in the future, videophones used as the primary method of communication. One of the first films that used a videophone was Fritz Lang's Metropolis. Other famous examples of videophones include 2001: A Space Odyssey, Space 1999, Star Trek, Total Recall and Blade Runner. Note that the video was a staple, everyday technology the futuristic cartoon Hanna Barbera The Jetsons.
In the literature of science fiction, various other names used for videoconferencing include videophone, visiphone and viewphone.
A video was presented in the 1944 Warner Bros. cartoon characters, "Plano Lucas", in which women used spy Hatta Mari a video to communicate with Adolph Hitler.
In the British cartoon DangerMouse, in which the title character regularly communicated with headquarters via videophones both your home and car.
A device with the same functionality that has been used by the cartoon character Dick Tracy since 1964. Called the "TV 2-way wrist ", the fictional detective often uses the telephone to communicate with police headquarters.
AT & T VideoPhone 2500 Prototypes are visible in the movie Gremlins 2: The New Batch.
In the animated TV show Futurama, the videophone is often used in spacecraft service delivery.
Videophones are sometimes used in the Pokémon anime.
A "PicturePhone" is used in the Simpsons episode "Lisa's Wedding. "
The singer Beyoncé Knowles released a single called Phone video of her 2008 album "I am … Sasha Fierce"
Popular U.S. TV Oprah Winfrey talk show, host video telephony features in TV program on a regular basis from May 21, 2009, with a first episode called "case Skype is that you? ", as part of a marketing agreement with Internet company Skype telecommunications.
See also
3GP
Camera phone
Information Appliance
List of video telecommunications services and brands
The media phone
Mobile Phone
Mobile VoIP
Smartphone
Teleconference
Telephonoscope
Telepresence
Telerehabilitation
Tele
Tokbox
Videoconferencing
The parents videophone article
Webcam
References
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Read more
Schnaars, Steve; Wymbs, Cliff. On the persistent demand mediocre History Video Phone, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, March 2004, vol.71, number 3, pages 197-216. DOI: 10.1016/S0040-1625 (02) 00410-9. Visible through ScienceDirect.com (subscription).
Stevenson Bacon, W. "Amazing PicturePhone New: A step closer to personal visits, Popular Science, June 1968, p. 4647, Google Books.
Look up videophone in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has More photos from: Videophones
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