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Martin Luther King, Jr

Early

Martin Luther King, Jr., was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the son of the Rev. Martin Luther King, father and Alberta Williams King. King's father was born "Michael King," and Martin Luther King, Jr., was originally named "Michael King, Jr." until the family traveled to Europe in 1934 and visited Germany. His father soon changed both of their names in honor of Martin Luther, German Protestant leader Martin Luther. Had an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King. King sang with his church choir at the 1939 Atlanta premiere of the film Gone with the Wind. King was initially skeptical of many claims Christianity. Most surprising, perhaps it was his denial of the bodily resurrection of Jesus during Sunday school at the age of thirteen. From this point he said, "doubts began to emerge without a break."

King married Coretta Scott, June 18, 1953 in the garden of her parents in her hometown of Heiberger, Alabama. King and Scott had four children, Yolanda King, Martin Luther King III, Dexter King Scott, and Bernice King. King became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, when he was twenty-five years in 1954.

Education

Growing in Atlanta, King attended Booker T. Washington High School. He skipped ninth and twelfth grade and entered Morehouse College at fifteen years without formally graduating from high school. In 1948, he graduated from Morehouse with a Bachelor of Arts degree in sociology, and enrolled in Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pa., where he graduated with a Bachelor of Divinity degree in 1951. The king then began his doctoral studies in systematic theology at the Boston University and received his Ph.D. on June 5, 1955, with a dissertation on "A comparison of conceptions of God in thought Paul Tillich and Henry Nelson Wieman. "Concluded an investigation of 1980 parts of his dissertation had been plagiarized and he had done wrong, but his thesis even "smart makes a contribution to scholarship."

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Harry C. Boyte, a self-proclaimed populist, field secretary of the South Christian Leadership Conference and black activist civil rights described an episode in his life that gives an idea about some of the influences of King:

My first encounter with the deeper meanings of populism was when I was nineteen, working as a field secretary for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) in St. Augustine, Florida in 1964. One day he called me five men and one woman who were members of the Ku Klux Klan. They accused me of being "communist and a Yankee." He replied: "I'm not a Yankee my family has been in the South since before the Revolution. And I'm not a communist. I am a populist. I believe that blacks and poor whites should unite to do something about the fat cats that keep us divided. "For a few minutes talking about what this movement might look like. So let me go.

When he learned of the incident, Martin Luther King, head of the disease, he said he identified with the populist tradition and the organization I was assigned poor whites.

Thurman

Civil rights leader, theologian and educator Howard Thurman was an early influence on King. A fellow parent King at Morehouse College, Thurman mentor the young king and his friends. Thurman's missionary work had taken him abroad where he met and talked with Mahatma Gandhi. As a student at Boston University, King often visited Thurman, who was the dean of Marsh Chapel. Walter Fluker, who has studied the writings of Thurman, said: "I do not believe you'd get a Martin Luther King, Jr. without Howard Thurman."

Gandhi and Rustin

Inspired by the success of Gandhi non-violent activism, King visited the birthplace of Gandhi in India in 1959, with the assistance of the Quaker group American Friends Service Committee. The trip to India affected King in a profound way, deepening his understanding of nonviolent resistance and his commitment to America's fight for civil rights. In a speech radio during his last night in India, King reflected, "Since India, I am more convinced than ever that the method of nonviolent resistance is the weapon strongest available to the oppressed peoples in their struggle for justice and human dignity. In a real sense, Mahatma Gandhi embodied in his life certain universal principles are inherent in the moral structure of the universe, and these principles are as inescapable as the law of gravitation. "African-American civil rights activist Bayard Rustin, who had studied the teachings of Gandhi, King advised to pursue the principles of nonviolence, he served as senior advisor to the king and his mentor over activism early, and was the main organizer of the March on Washington in 1963. Rustin's open homosexuality, support of democratic socialism and backward linkages Communist Party USA caused many white leaders and African-Americans to demand King distance himself from Rustin.

Sermons and speeches

Main article: Sermons and speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Throughout his service career, King wrote and spoke frequently, from his experience as a preacher. His "Letter from Birmingham Jail," written in 1963, is a "passionate" statement of his crusade for justice. On October 14, 1964, King became the youngest winner of the Nobel Peace Prize that was awarded to him for leading nonviolent resistance to end racial prejudice in the United States.

Boycott of Montgomery buses, 1955

Main article: Montgomery Bus Boycott, Jim Crow laws # public arena, Claudette Colvin, and Rosa Parks

In March 1955, a student of fifteen year old Claudette Colvin refused to give up her bus seat to a white man in compliance with Jim Crow laws. The king was on the committee of the African American community in Birmingham, which was at the event, Edgar Nixon and Clifford Durr decided to wait for another case to follow. On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat. The Montgomery Bus Boycott, urged and planned by Nixon and led by King, soon followed. The boycott lasted 385 days and the situation became so tense that King's house was bombed. King was arrested during this campaign, which ended with a Case United States District Court in Browder v. Gayle that ended racial segregation in all public buses in Montgomery.

Leadership Conference Southern Christian

In 1957, King, Ralph Abernathy and other civil rights activists founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). The group was created to use the moral authority and organizing power of black churches to conduct nonviolent protests in the service of civil rights reform. King led the SCLC until his death. In 1958, to sign copies of his book Stride Toward Freedom in Blumstein's department store on 125th Street in Harlem, was stabbed in the chest by Izola Curry, a deranged black woman with a letter opener, and narrowly escaped death.

nonviolent techniques of Gandhi, was instrumental in the King's campaign correct civil rights laws place in Alabama. King applies the philosophy of nonviolent protests organized by the CEP. In 1959, he wrote The Measure of a Man, which What part is the man?, An attempt to sketch the optimal political structure, social and economic fabric of society, is derived. His secretary and personal assistant SCLC in this period was Dora McDonald.

The FBI, under written directive from Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, began wiretapping King in the autumn 1963. Concerned that the allegations (of Communists in the SCLC), if made public, would derail the efforts of the administration of civil rights, Kennedy warned the king to suspend suspicious associations, and later was forced to issue a written directive that authorizes the FBI to wiretap King and other leaders of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference. J. Edgar Hoover feared Communists trying to infiltrate the civil rights movement, but when no evidence as it arose, office to use the incidental details caught on tape in the next five years in attempts to force the king of the ultimate leadership position.

King believed that organized, nonviolent protest against the system of southern segregation known as Jim Crow laws would lead to extensive media coverage of the fight for equality and black voting rights. Journalistic accounts and television footage of the daily deprivation and indignities suffered by southern blacks, and segregationist violence and harassment of civil rights advocates and protesters, was a wave of public sympathy that persuaded most of U.S. civil rights movement was the most important issue in American politics in the 1960's.

King organized and led marches for the right of blacks to vote, segregation, labor rights and other basic civil rights. Most of these rights were successfully enacted into law United States with the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

King and the SCLC applied the principles of nonviolent protest with great success by strategically choosing the method of protest and the places in which protests were carried out. There are often dramatic standoffs with authorities segregationists. Sometimes these confrontations turned violent.

Albany Movement

Main article: Albany Movement

The Movement Albany was a coalition against segregation in Albany, Georgia in November 1961. In December King and the SCLC became involved. The movement mobilized thousands of citizens of a violent attack broad front in all aspects of segregation within the city and attracted national attention. When King first visited on 15 December 1961 "he had planned to stay a day or two and go home after giving advice." But the next day, he was dragged by a mass arrest of protesters peaceful, and refused bail until the city made concessions. "These agreements," said King, "were dishonored and violated by the city," as soon as he left the city. King returned in July 1962 and was sentenced to forty-five days in jail or a fine of $ 178. He chose jail. Three days of his sentence, Chief Pritchett discreetly well prepared for the king to be paid and ordered his release. "We had people who witnessed it began fighting stool lunch … expelled from the churches … and thrown in jail … But for once, we witnessed being kicked out of jail. "

After nearly a year of intense activism with few tangible results, the movement began to deteriorate. The king ordered a halt to all forms and a "Day of Penitence" to promote non-violence and to maintain moral authority. The divisions within the black community and clever response, low profile by local government defeated efforts. However, he was appointed as a key lesson in tactics for the national civil rights movement.

Birmingham campaign

Main article: Birmingham campaign

The Birmingham campaign was a strategic effort by the CEP to promote civil rights African Americans. Many of their tactics of "Project C" was developed by the Rev. Wyatt Tee Walker, Executive Director of CEP 19,601,964. On the basis of actions in Birmingham, Alabama, his goal was to stop the city of civil and economic policies discriminatory segregation. The campaign lasted two months in Spring 1963. To provoke the police to fill the city's jails to overflowing, the black king and the citizens of the violent tactics employed by Birmingham case ignore the laws they consider unfair. King summarized the philosophy of the Birmingham campaign when he said: "The aim of direct action is to create a situation … so full of crises that will inevitably open the door to negotiation. "

Protests in Birmingham began with a boycott to pressure companies to offer sales jobs and other jobs for people of all races, as well as to end segregated facilities in stores. When business leaders resisted the boycott, King and the SCLC began what they termed Project C, a series of sit-ins and marches intended to provoke his arrest. After the campaign ran low in adult volunteers SCLC strategist, James Bevel, launched the action and recruited children for what became known as the "Crusade Children. "During the protests, the Birmingham Police Department, led by Eugene" Bull "Connor, used high pressure water jets and police dogs to control protesters, including children. Not all protesters were peaceful, despite the stated intentions of the CEP. In some cases, bystanders attacked the police who responded with force. King and the SCLC were criticized for putting children at risk. At the end of the season, reputation King's improved immensely, Connor lost his job, the "Jim Crow" signs in Birmingham came down, and public places became more open to blacks.

Augustine and Selma

King and SCLC were also the driving forces behind the protest in St. Augustine, Florida, in 1964. The movement involved on night walks in the city met with white segregationists who violently assaulted. Hundreds of demonstrators were arrested and imprisoned.

King and the SCLC joined forces with the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in Selma, Alabama, in December 1964, where SNCC had been working on voter registration for several months. A scanning order issued by a local judge banned any gathering of three or more persons under the sponsorship of SNCC, SCLC, or DCVL, or with the participation of 41 civil rights leaders called. This mandate was temporarily halted civil rights activity until the king who challenged Brown to discuss chapel on 2 January 1965.

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

March on Washington, 1963

Main article: March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

King, who represents the disease, always was one of the leaders of the so-called "Big Six" civil rights organizations were instrumental in organizing the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which took place on August 28, 1963. The other leaders and organizations of the Six Large: Roy Wilkins of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Whitney Young, National Urban League, A. Philip Randolph, Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; John Lewis, SNCC, and James L. Farmer, Jr. of the Congress of Racial Equality. The primary logistical and strategic organizer was King's colleague Bayard Rustin. By the King, this role was another which courted controversy, since it was one of the key figures who acceded to the wishes of President John F. Kennedy in changing the focus of the march. Kennedy initially opposed top gear as he was concerned would negatively impact the drive for passage of civil rights legislation, but organizers company that the march would proceed.

The march was originally conceived as an event to dramatize the plight of blacks in the southern United States and a very public opportunity to place organizers' concerns and grievances squarely before the seat of power in the capital. Organizers intended to excoriate and challenge the government no federal protection for civil rights and physical safety of civil rights workers and blacks, in general, in the South. However, the group agreed to presidential pressure and influence, and the case ultimately adopted a less strident tone. As a result, some civil rights activists felt it presented a contest inaccurate, aseptic racial harmony, Malcolm X is called the hoax "in Washington, and members of the Nation of Islam were not allowed attend the march.

King is perhaps most famous for his "I Have a Dream" speech, delivered in front of the Lincoln Memorial during the March, 1963 Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

audio recording of King I Have a Dream speech

The march did, however, make specific demands: to racial segregation in public schools, the significant legislation of civil rights, including a law prohibiting racial discrimination in employment, protection of civil rights of police brutality, a $ 2 minimum wage for all workers, and self-government in Washington, DC, then governed by the congressional committee. Despite the tensions, the march was a resounding success. More than a quarter of a million people of diverse ethnicities attended the event, which stretching from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall and reflecting pool. At that time, was the largest gathering of protesters in Washington's history. King "I have a dream "electrified the crowd. It is considered, along with Gettysburg Address Abraham Lincoln and Franklin D. Roosevelt 's Infamy Speech, as one of the best speeches in the history of American oratory.

Position on compensation

King giving a lecture on March 26, 1964

Martin Luther King Jr. expressed his view that black Americans and other disadvantaged Americans, should be compensated for historical wrongs. In an interview done for Playboy magazine in 1965, said that granting black Americans only equality could not realistically close the economic gap between them and whites. King said he did not seek full restitution of back wages to slavery, he thought impossible, but proposed a government program to compensate U.S. dollars 50 billion over ten years to all disadvantaged groups. He argues that "the money spent would be more than amply justified by benefits that would accrue to the nation through a dramatic decline in school dropouts, family breakups, crime rates, illegitimacy relief rolls swollen, upheavals and other social ills. "He presented this idea as an application of common law with respect to the solution unpaid work, but said he felt that money should not be used exclusively to blacks. He said: "We have to benefit the disadvantaged of all races. "

"Bloody Sunday" of 1965

Main article: Selma to Montgomery marches

King, James Bevel, and the SCLC, in partial collaboration with SNCC, attempted to organize a march from Selma to the state capital of Montgomery, March 7, 1965. The first attempt to march on March 7 was aborted because of the mob and police violence against demonstrators. This day has since become known as Bloody Sunday. Bloody Sunday was an important turning point in the effort to gain public support for the civil rights movement, the clearest demonstration to date the dramatic potential of the strategy of nonviolence King. King, however, was not present. After meeting with President Lyndon B. Johnson, who decided not to support the march, but was held against her will and without his presence on March 7 by the director of the Selma Movement, James Bevel, and local leaders of civil rights. Images of police brutality against demonstrators was broadcast extensively and aroused national public outrage.

King next attempted to organize a march on March 9. The SCLC sought a court order in federal court against the State of Alabama, which was denied and the judge issued an order blocking the march until after a hearing. However, King led launched on 9 March to Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, then held a short prayer session before turning around and asking the protesters to disperse in order not to violate the court order. The unexpected ending of this second march aroused the surprise and anger of many in the local movement. The march finally went ahead fully March 25. At the conclusion of the march and on the steps of the state capitol, King delivered a speech that has become known as "How long, not much."

Chicago, 1966

King with President Lyndon Johnson in 1966

In 1966, after several successes in the South, King and others in the civil rights organizations tried to spread the movement to the North, with Chicago as its first destination. King and Ralph Abernathy, both middle class, moved to the suburbs North Lawndale on the west side of Chicago as an educational experience and to show support and empathy for the poor.

The SCLC formed a coalition with CCCO, Community Organizations Coordinating Council, an organization founded by Albert Raby, and the combined organizations 'efforts' is promoted within the Movement Freedom of Chicago. During the spring, several dual white couple / black couple tests on real estate offices uncovered the practice (now banned in the U.S.) of the address racial. These tests revealed the racially selective processing of housing requests by couples who are exact matches of income, background, number of children, and other attributes, with the only difference being their race.

The needs of the movement for radical change grew, and several large marches were planned and executed, including the following neighborhoods: Bogan, Belmont Cragin, Jefferson Park, Evergreen Park (a suburb southwest of Chicago), Gage Park and Marquette Park, among others.

In Chicago, Abernathy later wrote that he received a worse reception than it had in the South. Their marches were met by thrown bottles and screaming crowd, and were really afraid to start a riot. King conspired against their beliefs staging a violent event, and negotiated an agreement with Mayor Richard J. Daley, to cancel a march to avoid the violence that was feared that the outcome of the event. King, who received death threats through its participation in the rights movement civilians, was beaten by a brick in a march, but continued to lead marches in the face of personal danger.

When the king and his allies returned to the south, were Jesse Jackson, a seminarian who had previously joined the movement in the South, in charge of your organization. Jackson continued his fight for civil rights by organization Operation Breadbasket movement that specific retailers that do not deal fairly with blacks.

Opposition to the war Vietnam

Since 1965, King began to express doubts about the role of the United States in the Vietnam War. In an April 4, 1967 appearance in the city of New Riverside Churchxactly York a year before his deathing delivered a speech entitled "Beyond Vietnam." In the speech, spoke strongly against the paper U.S. in the war, insisting that the U.S. I was in Vietnam "to occupy it as an American colony" and calling the U.S. government "Greatest purveyor of violence in the world. Today "also argued that the country needed larger and broader moral changes:

A true revolution brief look securities concerned about the glaring contrast of poverty and wealth. With righteous indignation, it will look across the seas and see individual capitalists of the West invest large sums of money in Asia, Africa and South America, only to take profits out with no concern for the social betterment of the countries and say, "This is not fair."

King also opposed the Vietnam War on the grounds that the war is money and resources that could have been spent social welfare services as the War on Poverty. The United States Congress was spending more and more on the military and less and less on poverty alleviation programs at the same time. He summarized this point by saying: "A nation that continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs to improve social spiritual death is approaching. "

Many southern segregationists vilified white king on the other hand, this discourse soured his relationship with members many of the mainstream media. Life magazine called the speech "demagogic slander that looked like a script for Radio Hanoi", and The Washington Post declared that King had "diminished his usefulness to his cause, his country, his people."

King stated that North Vietnam "did not start to send in any large quantity of supplies or men until American forces had reached the tens of thousands. "King also criticized the resistance U.S. to land reform in North Vietnam. U.S. accused of having killed a million Vietnamese, mostly children. "

The speech was a reflection of the evolution of King's advocacy in his later years, in parallel with the progressive teachings of Research and Education Highlander, with whom King was affiliated. King began to speak of the need for fundamental changes in political and economic life of the nation. By the time of murder, King more frequently expressed his opposition to the war and his desire to see a redistribution of resources to correct racial and economic injustice. Although his public language was guarded, to avoid being linked to communism by his political enemies, in private that he sometimes talked of his support for democratic socialism. In a speech, said "something is wrong with capitalism" and said: "There must be a better distribution of wealth, and maybe America must move toward a democratic socialism. "

King had read Marx and Morehouse, but while he rejected "traditional capitalism" he also rejected Communism and its "materialistic interpretation of history" that denied religion, its "ethical relativism" and " political totalitarianism. "

King also said in his "Beyond Vietnam" speech that "true compassion is more than flinging a coin to a beggar …. it is to see that an edifice which produces beggars needs restructuring. "King quoted a United States official, who said that, from Vietnam to South America to Latin America, the country was "on the wrong side of world revolution." King of the United States condemned "The alliance with the landowners in Latin America" and said the United States should support "the shirtless and barefoot people" in the Third World instead of attempts to suppress revolution.

The king spoke at an anti-Vietnam demonstration in which he also raised the issues of civil rights and the project.

"I have urged a merger mechanics of civil rights and peace movements. There are people who have come to see the moral imperative of equality, but still can not see the moral imperative of global fraternity. I would like to see the fervor of the civil rights movement imbued with the peace movement to be infused with greater force. And I think everyone has a duty to be, both civil rights and peace movements. But for those who currently choose but I hope they finally come to see moral roots common to both. "

In 1967, the king made another speech, which attacked what he calls the "cruel irony" black American fight and die for a country that treats them as second class citizens:

"We're taking the young black man who had been paralyzed by our society and sending them eight thousand miles away to guarantee liberties had not found in southwest Georgia and East Harlem …. We been several times against the cruel irony of watching Negro children and white TV screens, and to kill and die together for a nation that has been able to sit in the same schools "

Poor People's Campaign, 1968

Main article: Poor People's Campaign

In 1968, King and the SCLC organized the "Poor People's Campaign" to address issues of economic justice. The campaign culminated in a march in Washington, DC demanding economic aid poorest communities of the United States. King traveled the country to assemble "a multiracial army of the poor", marching in Washington to disobedience nonviolent civil in the Capitol until Congress created a bill of rights for poor Americans.

However, the campaign was not unanimously supported by other leaders of the Civil Rights Movement. Rustin resigned from the march indicates that the objectives of the campaign were too broad, the demands unrealizable, and thought of these campaigns would accelerate the reaction and repression on the poor and black. Through its participation in the civil rights movement, King was criticized by many groups. This included opposition by more militant blacks as prominent critics as Nation of Islam member Malcolm X. Stokely Carmichael was a separatist and disagreed with the request of the King of racial integration because he considered it an insult to a single African-American culture. Omali Yeshitela urged African to remember the history of European colonization of violence and how power was not secured by Europeans through integration, but by violence and force.

King and the CEP has asked the government to invest in the reconstruction of U.S. cities. He felt that Congress had shown "hostility to the poor "by spending" military funds with alacrity and generosity. "He contrasted this with the situation faced by poor Americans, claiming that Congress had only "poverty funds with miserliness." His vision was to change that was more revolutionary than mere reform: he cited failures systematic "racism, poverty, militarism and materialism" and argued that "reconstruction of society itself is the real problem to be faced. "

Murder

Main article: Martin Luther King, Jr. assassination

The Lorraine Motel, where King was assassinated, is now the site of the National Museum of Civil Rights.

On March 29, 1968, King went to Memphis, Tennessee, in support of black health workers in public works represented by AFSCME Local 1733, who had been on strike since March 12 for higher wages and better treatment. In one incident, black street repairmen received pay for two hours, when they were sent home due to bad weather, but white employees were paid for the entire day.

On April 3, King addressed a rally and delivered his "I have been on the mountaintop" address in Mason Temple, the world headquarters of the Church of God in Christ. King's flight to Memphis was delayed by a bomb threat against the aircraft. At the close of the last speech of his career, referring to the bomb threat, King said:

And then I got to Memphis. And some began to say that threats, or talk about the threats that were out. What would happen to me from some of our sick white brothers? Well, I dunno what will happen now. We've got some difficult days ahead. But I do not care now. Because I've been on top of the mountain. I do not care. Like anybody, I would like live a long life. Longevity has its place. But I'm not worried about it. I just want to do the will of God. And He's allowed me to climb the mountain. And I've looked over. And I've seen the promised land. Can not reach you. But I want you to know tonight, that we as a people will get to the promised land. And I'm happy tonight. I'm not worried for nothing. I do not fear no man. My eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.

King was booked in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel, owned by Walter Bailey, in Memphis. The Rev. Ralph Abernathy, King's close friend and colleague who was present at the assassination, swore under oath to the United States House Select Committee on Assassinations that King and his entourage stayed in room 306 at the Lorraine Motel so often referred to as the "King-Abernathy suite."

According to Jesse Jackson, who was present, the last words of King on the balcony before his assassination we talk with musician Ben Branch, who was scheduled to carry out this night at an event King was attending: "Ben, make sure to play" Take My Hand, Precious Lord "at the meeting tonight. Listening is very pretty."

Then, at 6:01, April 4, 1968, a shot rang out as the king was on the second floor balcony of the motel. The bullet entered his right cheek smashing his jaw and then traveled down her spine before lodging in his shoulder. Abernathy heard the shot from inside the motel room and ran to the balcony to find King on the ground. The events following the shooting have been disputed as some people have accused Jackson of exaggerating his response.

After emergency surgery Chest, King was pronounced dead at St. Joseph Hospital at 7:05 pm According to biographer Taylor Branch, King's autopsy revealed that although only thirty-nine years old, had the heart of a man sixty years of age, perhaps a result of the tension of thirteen years in the civil rights movement.

The assassination led to a wave of riots in more than 100 cities. Presidential candidate Robert Kennedy was on his way to Indianapolis for a campaign rally when he was told King's death. He gave a brief speech to supporters meeting to inform them of the tragedy and calls for continuing King's idea of nonviolence. President Lyndon B. Johnson declared April 7 a national day of mourning for the civil rights leader. Vice President Hubert Humphrey attended King's funeral on behalf of Lyndon B. Johnson, as it feared that Johnson's presence might incite protests and perhaps violence. At the request of his widow, the King's last sermon at Ebenezer Baptist Church was played at the funeral. It was a recording of his "Drum Major" sermon, given on 4 February 1968. In that sermon, King made a request that at his funeral no mention of the awards and honors was made, but they say he tried to "feed the hungry", "clothe the naked", "be right in [Vietnam] war question ", and" love and serve humanity. "His good friend Mahalia Jackson sang his favorite hymn," Take My Hand, Precious Lord "at the funeral. The city of Memphis strike was settled on terms favorable to health workers.

Two months after the death of King, escaped convict James Earl Ray was captured at London's Heathrow Airport while trying to leave the UK with a false Canadian passport in the name of Ramon George Sneyd on their way to the white ruled Rhodesia. Ray was quickly extradited to Tennessee and charged with murder of King. He confessed to the murder on March 10, 1969, but retracted his confession three days later. On the advice of his attorney Percy Foreman, Ray pleaded guilty to avoid a trial conviction and therefore the possibility of the death penalty. Ray was sentenced to a prison term of 99 years. Ray fired Foreman as his attorney, from then derisively calling him "Percy Fourflusher." Said a man he met in Montreal, Quebec with the alias "Raoul" was involved and that the murder was the result of a conspiracy. Passed rest of his life trying (unsuccessfully) to withdraw his plea and set the trial he never had. On June 10, 1977, shortly after Ray had testified before the House Select Committee on Assassinations that he did not shoot the king, he and six other convicts escaped from Brushy Mountain State Penitentiary in Petros, Tennessee. They were captured on June 13 and returned to prison.

Allegations of conspiracy

Ray's lawyers maintained that it was a goat scape similar to the way alleged murderer of John F. Kennedy, Lee Harvey Oswald is seen by conspiracy theorists. One of the claims used to justify this assertion is that Ray's confession was given under pressure, and had been threatened with the death penalty. Ray was a thief and the thief, but he had no history of committing violent crimes with guns.

The suspect in the murder conspiracy point out the two missile tests conducted separately on the Remington Gamemaster recovered by police had not shown conclusively Ray had been the murderer, nor was even the murder weapon. On the other part, witnesses surrounding King at the time of his death say the shot came from somewhere else, behind the thick bushes near the guest house was inexplicably cut away in the days after the murder and not the guest house window.

the tomb of Martin Luther King and Coretta Scott King, located on the grounds of the Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site

Developments

In 1997, King's son Dexter Scott King met with Ray and supported Ray publicly efforts to obtain a new trial. Two years later, Coretta Scott King, widow of King, along with the rest of the King family won a lawsuit wrongful death lawsuit against Loyd Jowers and "other unknown co-conspirators." Jowers said he received $ 100,000 to arrange King's assassination. The jury of six whites and six blacks found Jowers guilty and that government agencies are party to the murder. William F. Pepper represented the King family in court. King biographer David Garrow disagrees with William F. s claims Pepper 'that the government killed King. It is supported by the author Gerald Posner who has researched and written about the murder.

In 2000, the U.S. Justice Department investigation concluded Jowers' claims but found no evidence to support the allegations of conspiracy. The investigation report recommends no further investigation unless some new reliable data is presented. The New York Times reported of a church minister, Rev. Ronald Denton Wilson, said his father, Henry Clay Wilsonot Rayssassinated James Earl Martin Luther King, Jr. said: "It was not a racist thing, but the thought of Martin Luther King was connected with communism, and he wanted out of the road. "

friend and colleague of King, James Bevel, disputed the argument that Ray acted alone, saying: "There is no way a white boy of ten cents could develop a plan to kill a million-dollar man black." In 2004, Jesse Jackson, who was with King at the time of his death, said:

The fact is there were saboteurs to disrupt the march. And within our own organization, we found a very key person who was on the government payroll. So infiltration within, saboteurs from without and attacks press. … I will never believe that James Earl Ray had the motive, money and mobility to have done himself. Our government was very involved on stage and I think that the path escape for James Earl Ray.

Riots

After the King assassination riots erupted in Chicago, Boston, Detroit and Washington. Black leader James Farmer, Jr. and others called for nonviolent action. "Dr. King would be very distressed to find that his blood had triggered the bloodshed and disorder … I think that instead of the nation must be silent, black and white, and must be in an environment of prayer, which would be consistent with his life. We make such dedication and commitment to the goals that your life was used to solve internal problems. That is the memory, which is the type of memory that we must build for him. Is it is not appropriate for violent retaliation, and that kind of demonstration following the murder of the pacifist and a man of peace. "

Stokely Carmichael called for strong action immediately. "White America killed Dr. King last night. She made it much easier for a lot of black people today. I do not have to be discussions intellectuals, black people know they have to get weapons. White America will live to mourn that she killed Dr. King last night. It would have been better if she had killed Rap Brown and / or Stokley Carmichael, but when they killed Dr. King, she lost. "

FBI wiretaps

Allegations of Communist connections

J. Edgar Hoover, director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, for years had been paranoid about the possible influence of communists in the movement such as trade unions and civil rights. Hoover directed the FBI to track King in 1957 and the SCLC, as it was established (which had no executive director full-time until 1960), their research was very superficial until 1962, when he learned that one of the king's trusted advisers was New York lawyer Stanley Levison. The FBI found Levison had been involved with the U.S. Communist Party. The FBI had observed his departure from the party leadership, but there are fears that taken a low profile in order to work as an agent "of influence" in order to manipulate the king, so they continued to hold despite their own reports in 1963 that Levison had left the party. Another King lieutenant, Hunter Pitts O'Dell, was also linked to the Communist Party by sworn testimony before the House of Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). However, in 1976 the FBI has acknowledged that it had obtained no evidence that King himself or the SCLC were actually involved with any communist organizations.

The Office has received approval to begin wiretapping the Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy in fall of 1963 and reported to President John F. Kennedy, both of whom unsuccessfully tried to persuade King to disassociate himself from Levison. Although Robert Kennedy gave his approval only written to limit wiretapping the phones of the King "on a trial for a month or so," Hoover extended the authorization for his men were "no strings" for evidence in the areas of life deemed worthy of the King. The Office placed wiretaps on Levison and King's home and office phones and microphones King rooms in hotels while traveling throughout the country.

For his part, King categorically denied any connections to Communism, stating in a 1965 Playboy interview that "there are many Communists in this freedom movement as there are Eskimos in Florida" and affirming Hoover was "follow the path of appeasement of the political powers in the South" and that his concern about the Communist infiltration of civil rights movement was intended to "aid and abet the lustful demands of southern racists and right-wing elements." Hoover did not believe his promise of innocence and said saying that the king was "the most notorious liar in the country." After King gave his "I Have A Dream" speech during the March on Washington on 28 August 1963, the FBI described King as "the black leader most dangerous and effective in the country." In December 1963, FBI officials met for a special conference claimed that the King was "knowingly, voluntarily and regularly and taking cooperation with the guidance of the Communists" whose long-term strategy was the creation of a "black labor" of the coalition at the expense of American security.

The attempt to demonstrate King was a communist who was related to the feeling of many segregationists that blacks in the South were happy with their lot, but had been caused by "communists" and "outside agitators." The civil rights movement rose from activism within the black community dating back before the First World War had Levison links with the Communist Party in business relationships, but the FBI refused to believe his own intelligence bureau reports that Levison was no longer associated in that capacity. In response to comments by the FBI in connection with the communists directing the civil rights movement, King said, "The Black Revolution is a revolution, born from the same womb that produces all massive belly social upheavalshe the intolerable conditions and unendurable situations. "

Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X, March 26, 1964.

The accusations of adultery

Having concluded that the king was dangerous because of Communist infiltration, the focus of investigations of the Office was trying to discredit King through revelations about his private life. FBI surveillance of King, some of them for public, tried to show also participates in numerous extramarital affairs. Other comments on King's lifestyle were made by several prominent officials, such as Lyndon Johnson, who once said that King was a "hypocrite preacher." Ralph Abernathy, a close associate of King, stated in his 1989 autobiography, and the walls came down that the king had a "weakness for women." In a later interview, Abernathy said he only wrote the word "womanizer" and does not specifically say King had sex outside marriage. King biographer David Garrow detailed what he called King "compulsive sexual athleticism." Garrido wrote on numerous extramarital affairs, including one with a female King saw almost daily. According to Garrido, "that relationship, rather than marriage, increasingly became the emotional center of King's life, but did not eliminate the incidental couplings that were a commonplace of travel of the king. "King explained his extramarital affairs as "a way of reducing anxiety." Garrow said the King was promiscuous because of "painful and overwhelming guilt."

The FBI distributed reports on such matters to the executive branch, friendly reporters, potential coalition partners and funding sources of the CEP, and the King family. The Bureau also sent anonymous letters to King threatening to reveal information if not cease his civil rights work. An anonymous letter sent to King just before he received the Nobel Peace Prize read, in part, "The American public, the church organizations that have been helpingrotestants, Catholics and the Jews you know so you aren evil beast. So will others who supported him. It's over. King, there is only one thing for you to do. You know what it is. Just 34 days in which to do (the exact number has been selected for a specific reason, we have defined significant in practice [sic]). It's over. There is only one way out for you. It is best taken before filthy fraudulent self is exposed to the nation. "King interpreted this as an encouragement to commit suicide although William Sullivan, head of the National Intelligence Division at the time, argued that only can be to "convince Dr. King to renounce the CEP." King refused to give in to threats from the FBI.

On January 31, 1977, U.S. District Judge John Lewis Smith, Jr., ordered all known copies of the tapes recorded audio and written transcripts results of FBI electronic surveillance of King between 1963 and 1968 to be held at the National Archives and sealed from public access until 2027.

In front of the Lorraine Motel, next to the boarding house where James Earl Ray was staying, was a fire station. Police officers were stationed at the fire station to keep King under surveillance. Using wallpaper, windows with peepholes cut into them, the agents were watching the scene while Martin Luther King was assassinated. Immediately after the shooting, officers rushed out of the station to the motel, and Marella McCollough, an undercover police officer, was the first person to administer first aid to the king. The antagonism between King and the FBI, the lack of an all points bulletin to find the murderer, and the police presence nearby have led to speculation that the FBI was involved in the murder.

Legacy

From the Gallery of the martyrs of the 20th century Abbey Westminster. r. Mother Elizabeth of Russia, Rev. Martin Luther King, Archbishop Oscar Romero and Pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer

King's main legacy was to achieve a breakthrough in civil rights in the United States, which has allowed more Americans to achieve their potential. He is often cited as a human rights icon today. His name and legacy have often been invoked since his death as people have discussed its probable position on various issues of modern politics.

In the area Internationally, King's legacy included influences from the Black Consciousness Movement and Civil Rights Movement in South Africa. King's work was cited by and served inspiration for Albert Lutuli, another black Nobel Peace Prize who fought for racial justice in this country. The day after King's assassination, school teacher Jane Elliott conducted her first "Blue Eyes / Brown Eyes" exercise with her class of primary school students in Riceville, Iowa. Its purpose was to help understand King's death as it related to racism, which have little understanding of living in a predominantly white.

King's wife, Coretta Scott King, followed by her husband's footsteps and is active in social justice and civil rights until his death in 2006. The same year that Martin Luther King was assassinated, Mrs. King founded the King Center in Atlanta, Georgia, dedicated to preserving his legacy and advocacy work of non-violent conflict resolution and tolerance worldwide. His son, Dexter King, currently serves as president of the center. Daughter Yolanda King is a motivational speaker, author and founder of Higher Ground Productions, an organization specialized in training diversity.

There are opposing views even within the King family on religious views and political leader assassinated civil rights gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people. Coretta King, widow said publicly that she believed her husband would have supported gay rights. However, his daughter Bernice believed to have opposed gay marriage. The King Center includes discrimination, and homophobia lists as one of its examples in its list of "three evils" that opposed.

In 1980, the Department of Interior appointed king's childhood home in Atlanta and several buildings nearby Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site. In 1996 the U.S. Congress authorized the Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity to establish a foundation to manage fundraising and design of a Martin Luther King, Jr. National Memorial on the Mall in Washington, DC. King was a member of Alpha Phi Alpha, the first intercollegiate Greek-letter fraternity established by and for African Americans. King was the first African American honored with his own memory on the National Mall area and the first non-president was commemorated in this regard. The sculptor chosen was Lei Yixin. The King Memorial be administered by the National Park Service.

King's life and murder inspired many works of art. A 1976 Broadway production, which I have a dream, was directed by Robert Greenwald and starring Billy Dee Williams as King. In spring 2006, a play about King was produced in Beijing, China with the king played by Chinese, Cao Li. The play was written by professor of Stanford University, Clayborne Carson.

The king has spoken before of what people remember So if you're close to your funeral. He said that instead of the prizes and who went to school, people should talk about peaceful struggle for justice.:

I would like someone to talk about that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to give his life serving others. I would like someone to say that day that Martin Luther King Jr. tried to love somebody.

I mean, that day I tried to be fair on the issue of war. I want you to be able to say that day that I tried to feed the hungry. I want you to be able to say I tried that day in my life to clothe those who were naked. I mean that on that day I tried to my life to visit those in prison. And I want to say I tried to love and serve humanity.

Yes, if you want to say I was a drum major. Say I was a drum major for justice. Say I was a drum major for peace. I was a drum major for justice. And all the other shallow things will not matter. "1968 Year In Review, UPI.com "

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Main article: Martin Luther King, Jr.

In the Rose Garden House White November 2, 1983, President Ronald Reagan signed legislation creating a national holiday honoring King. First observed on 20 January 1986, is called Martin Luther King, Jr.. After 1992, President George HW Bush's proclamation, the holiday is celebrated on the third Monday of January each year, about the birthday King. January 17, 2000, for the first time, Martin Luther King Jr. was officially observed in all fifty U.S. states.

Awards and Recognition

King was awarded at least fifty honorary degrees from universities in the U.S. and elsewhere. In addition to winning the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize, King was awarded in 1965 with the American Liberties Medallion from the American Jewish Committee for his "exceptional advancement of the principles of human freedom." Reverend King said in his speech acceptance, "Freedom is one thing. You have everything or you are not" free. King also was awarded the Pacem in Terris Award, named after 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII calling for all people to fight for peace.

In 1966, the Planned Parenthood Federation of America awarded King the Margaret Sanger Award for "his courageous resistance to bigotry and his lifelong dedication to promoting social justice and human dignity." The king received posthumously the Marcus Garvey Prize for Human Rights by Jamaica in 1968.

In 1971, King received a posthumous Grammy Award Best Spoken Word Album for his Why oppose the war in Vietnam. Six years later, the Presidential Medal of Freedom was awarded to King by Jimmy Carter. The king and also his wife were awarded the Congressional Gold Medal in 2004.

King was second in the list of Gallup's widely admired people in the 20 th century. In 1963 he was appointed King Time Person of the Year and in 2000, King was chosen sixth in the Person of the Century poll by the same magazine. King was elected third place in the larger American competition held by the Discovery Channel and AOL.

More than 730 U.S. cities have streets named after King. King County, Washington reaffirmed its name in his honor in 1986 and changed its logo to a picture of his face in 2007. The government center of the city of Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, is named in his honor. King is remembered as a martyr for the Episcopal Church in the United States of America (feast day April 4) and the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (feast day January 15).

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante list of Martin Luther King, Jr. on the Top 100 African Americans.

Capital Monument

A memorial King is scheduled for construction on the National Mall in Washington, DC, by the Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial Project Foundation. In April 2009, media media reported that King's family had accused the Foundation $ 800,000 for the use of his words and image in the fundraising materials for the monument.

Intellectual Properties Management Inc., an organization operated by the family of the King, has been the burden of the Foundation and licensing management fees since 2003. Cambridge University historian David Garrow, who won a Pulitzer Prize for his biography of King, said the conduct of King family, the "One would think that any family would be so happy to have his ancestor celebrated and remembered in DC it would never dawn on them to ask a penny. "He added that the king had been" absolutely appalled by the behavior of their children's speculation. "answered the King family the money would be used to maintain the King Center in Atlanta where King and his wife are buried.

Bibliography

Stride toward freedom the history of Montgomery (1958)

The Measure of a Man (1959)

The power of love (1963)

Why we can not wait (1964)

Where Do We Go From Here: Chaos or community? (1967)

The Trumpet of Conscience (1968)

A Testament of Hope: The Essential Writings and speeches of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1986)

The Autobiography of Martin Luther King, Jr. (1998), ed. Clayborne Carson

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Martin Luther King, Jr

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