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Falklands War
Lead to conflict
Main article: Events leading to the Falklands War
In the run-up to war and after all the transfer of power between military dictators, General Jorge Rafael Videla and General Roberto Eduardo Viola at the end of March 1981, Argentina has been in the middle a devastating economic crisis and large-scale civil unrest against the military junta that had been ruling the country since 1976. In December 1981, it changed again in the Argentine military regime bring to the office of a new junta headed by General Leopoldo Galtieri (chairman), Brigadier Basilio Lami Dozo and Admiral Jorge Anaya. Anaya is the principal architect and advocate of a military solution to the long-standing claim over the islands, the estimate that the UK does not respond militarily. Thus Galtieri government expects to mobilize long-standing patriotic feelings of the Argentines towards the islands and thus divert public attention from the chronic problems of the country's economy and the regime of human rights violations in progress. These measures will also strengthen its declining legitimacy. The newspaper The press speculated on a starting step by step plan to cut off supplies to the islands, culminating in direct action late 1982, if the UN talks were unsuccessful.
The continuing tension between the two countries over the islands increased on 19 March when a group of hired Argentinian scrap metal merchants raised the flag of Argentina in South Georgia, an act that would later be seen as the first offensive action in the war. The military junta in Argentina, suspecting that the UK will strengthen its forces in southern Atlantic, ordered the invasion of the Falkland Islands to be brought forward to 02 April.
Admiral Jorge Anaya
Britain was initially taken by surprise by the Argentine attack on the South Atlantic islands, despite repeated warnings by the Royal Navy captain Nicholas Barker and others. Barker believes that the intention in 1981 Defense Secretary John Nott review to remove the Royal Navy HMS Endurance, Britain's only naval presence in the South Atlantic, sent a signal the Argentinians that Britain was not ready, and soon there could be, to defend their territories and subjects in the Falklands.
War
The invasion by Argentina
Main article: 1982 invasion of the Falkland Islands
Main article: Invasion of South Georgia
On April 2, 1982, Argentine forces mounted amphibious landings in the Falkland Islands following the civil occupation of South Georgia on March 19 before the Falklands War began. The invasion met nominal defense organized by the governor of the Falkland Islands "Sir Rex Hunt, ordering the commander Mike Norman of the Royal Marines, the amphibious landing of Lieutenant Commander Guillermo Sánchez-Sabarots "Group Command, the attack on Moody Brook barracks, the engagement between the troops of Hugo Santillan and Trollope Stanley bill, and commitment and final delivery to the Government House.
The initial response to the British invasion
HMS Invincible was part of the working group.
Word of the invasion apparently first reached Britain via ham radio.
The reconquest of the Falklands, it was extremely difficult: the main limitation was the gap in air cover display (the British Harrier aircraft with 34 against Argentina 220 fighter aircraft). The U.S. Navy considered a success the fight against the British invasion as "a military impossibility. The United States initially sought to mediate an end to the conflict. However, when Argentina rejected the peace proposals USA, USA Secretary of State Alexander Haig announced that the U.S. bans arms sales to Argentina and providing material support for British operations. Both Houses of Congress adopted resolutions supporting the U.S. action coating with the United Kingdom.
In mid-April, Royal Air Force had established a Wideawake airbase in the mid-Atlantic territory British overseas island of Ascension, including a force considerable Avro Vulcan B Mk 2 bombers Handley Page Victor K Mk 2 refueling aircraft, and McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR Mk 2 fighters to protect them. Meanwhile, the main British naval task force arrived at Ascension to prepare for employment. A small force had been sent south to Georgia resume South.
Meetings began in April, the Task Force was shadowed by Boeing 707 Air Force Argentina during their journey south map of the FAA. Several of these flights were intercepted by BAE Harrier outside the British exclusion zone has been imposed, the 707 weapons were not attacked by diplomatic moves were still in progress and the United Kingdom had not yet decided to commit to armed force. On 23 April a Brazilian commercial Douglas DC-10 VARIG airline on the way to South Africa was stopped by British Harrier visually identified civil level.
Recapture of South Georgia and the attack on Santa Fe
The strength of South Georgia, Operation Paraquat, under the command of Major Guy Sheridan RM, consisted of Marines from 42 Commando, a troop of Special Air Service (SAS) and Special Boat Service (SBS) the troops that were destined to land as reconnaissance forces for an invasion by the Royal Marines. All embarked on RFA Tidespring. The first to arrive Churchill was the class submarine HMS Conqueror on 19 April and the island was flown by a radar mapping Handley Page Victor on 20 April.
The first landings of SAS troops took held on April 21, butith southern hemisphere autumn establishment inherent weather was so bad that their landings and others made the next day, all were withdrawn after Two helicopters crashed in fog on Fortuna Glacier. On April 23, a submarine alert sounded and the operations stopped, the Tidespring be withdrawn waters deep to avoid interception. On April 24, British forces regrouped and went on the attack.
On April 25, after refueling the garrison Argentina in South Georgia, the submarine ARA Santa Fe was discovered on the surface by a Westland Wessex HAS Mk 3 helicopter from HMS Antrim, which attacked the Argentine submarine with depth charges. HMS Plymouth launched a Westland Wasp helicopter HAS.Mk.1, and HMS Brilliant launched a Westland Lynx HAS Mk 2. The Lynx launched a torpedo and strafing the submarine with its mounting clip general purpose machine guns, the Wessex also fired on the Santa Fe with his GPMG. The Wasp from HMS Plymouth as well as two other Wasps launched from HMS Endurance AS-12 ASM antiship missiles fired on the submarine, scoring hits. Santa Fe was badly damaged enough to prevent the dips. The crew abandoned the submarine at the pier of King Edward Point on South Georgia.
With the Tidespring far away at sea and the Argentine forces augmented by the crew of the submarine, Commander Sheridan decided to gather the 76 men who had and make a direct assault on that day. After a short forced march by British troops, the Argentine forces surrendered without resistance. The message sent by the navel force in South Georgia to London was, "was pleased to inform Your Majesty that the White Ensign flies alongside the flag of the United Kingdom in southern Georgia. God Save the Queen ". Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher broke the news to the media, saying that" only glad that the news! "
Black Buck raids
Main article: Operation Black Buck
RAF Avro B.2 Vulcan strategic bomber.
On 1 May the British operations in the Falklands opened with the "Black Buck an" attack (of a series of five) in the Stanley airfield. The overall effect of the raids on the war is difficult to determine, and the raids consume valuable oil resources. The raids did little damage to the track and damage to radar was repaired quickly. Usually dismissed as propaganda after the war, were originally Argentine sources the source of the credits that the Vulcan raids influenced Argentina to withdraw some of its Mirage IIIS southern Argentina to the Area Defense Buenos Aires. This deterrent effect was however watered down when British officials made clear there would be no attacks on air bases in Argentina.
Of the five Black Buck attacks, three were against Stanley Airfield, with the other two missions Shrike anti-radar using anti-radiation missiles.
The escalation of the air war
Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm Sea Harrier FRS1. The paint scheme extravagant was altered to a more off a road in the South.
The Falklands had only three airfields. The longest and only paved runway was in the capital, Stanley, and even that was too short to support fast jets. Therefore, the Argentines were forced to launch their most important strikes of the continent, hampering their efforts in the forward base, the combat air patrols and close air support on the islands. The effective time wandering Argentine aircraft inlet was low, and later were forced to fly the British forces in any attempt to attack the islands.
The first strike force majeure Argentina, consists of 36 aircraft (McDonnell Douglas A-4 Skyhawks, Israel Aircraft Industries Daggers, English Electric B Mk 62 Canberras and escorts Dassault Mirage III), and was sent on May 1, believing that the British invasion was imminent or landings had taken place. Only a section of Group 6 (IAI Dagger aircraft types) found ships, which were defenses in Argentina shooting near the islands. The Daggers managed to attack ships and return safely. This morale boost Argentine pilots, who now knew he could survive to an attack on modern warships, protected by the radar ground clutter of the islands and with a profile of pop-up late.
Meanwhile, other Argentine aircraft were intercepted BAE Sea Harrier by operating from HMS Invincible. A dagger and a Canberra fell.
Air Force Mirage IIIEA Argentina. Their lack of aerial refueling capability prevents used effectively in the islands in the role of air-air.
Fighting broke out between Sea Harrier FRS Mk 1 fighters of No. 801 Naval Air Squadron and Mirage III fighters Group 8. Both sides refused to fight in the altitude of the best in the other, until finally dropped two Mirages to participate. One of them was shot down by a missile AIM-9L Sidewinder air to air (AAM), while the other escaped, but was damaged and without enough fuel to return to its air base in mainland China. The plane made for Stanley where he was the victim of "friendly fire" from the Argentine defenders.
As a result of this experience, the Argentine Air Force personnel decided to use the A-4 Skyhawks and Daggers to strike only as units, the only planes that during the night, and the Mirage IIIS (without aerial refueling capacity, or any capable AAM) as decoys distance to attract British Sea Harriers baits later extended with the formation of Phoenix Squadron, a squadron of civilian aircraft flying Simulating 24 hours a day preparing to attack attack aircraft to the fleet. In one of these flights, an Air Force Learjet was shot down, killing the squadron commander, Vice Commodore Rodolfo De La Colina, the highest-ranking Argentine officer to die in the war.
A helicopter of the Royal Navy Sea King rescue Squadron Ldr Jerry Pook, after that he was forced to bail out over the sea. Your Harrier GR3 had been hit by ground fire west of Stanley on May 30.
Stanley was used as a strength of Argentina during the conflict. Despite the Black Buck raids and Harrier in the Stanley airfield (no fast jets were stationed there for defense air) and during the night of the bombing of individual vessels, was never completely out of combat. Stanley was defended by a mixture of surface-air missile (SAM) systems (Franco-German Roland and Tigercat UK) and the Swiss Oerlikon 35 mm twin anti-aircraft guns built. Lockheed Hercules transport night flights brought supplies, weapons, vehicles and fuel, and airlifted the injured to the end of the conflict. The few RN Sea Harrier were considered too valuable to risk in day to night operations blockade, and Blue Fox radar was not an effective look down at the ground radar.
The only Argentine Hercules shot down by the British missed the June 1 TC-63 was intercepted by a Sea Harrier in daylight when he went in search of the British fleet to the northeast of the islands after the Navy withdrew its last Argentina SP-2H Neptune, because of airframe wear.
Several options to attack the main base for the five Argentines in Etendards Ro Grande examined and discounts (Operation Mikado) then five Royal Navy submarines lined up, submerged, on the edge of Argentina's 12-mile territorial limit to provide early warning of the bombing of the task British force
Sinking of Belgrano
See also: The sinking of the ARA General Belgrano
The ARA General Belgrano sinking.
Two independent task British naval forces (surface vessels and submarines) and Argentina fleet operating in the neighborhood of the Falklands, and soon came into conflict. The loss was the first naval Vintage World War II Argentina light cruiser ARA General Belgrano. The nuclear-powered submarine HMS Conqueror sank Belgrano on May 2. Three hundred twenty-three members Belgrano crew died in the incident. 700 men were rescued over the open ocean despite cold seas and storms. Belgrano losses amounted just over half of Argentine deaths in the Falklands conflict and the loss of the ARA General Belgrano hardened the stance of the Argentine government.
Independently the controversies surrounding the wreck, which was a fundamental strategic effect: the elimination of Argentina naval threat. After his loss, the entire fleet of Argentina, with the exception of the conventional submarine ARA San Luis, returned to port and did not leave again for the duration of hostilities. The two escorting destroyers and the group battle focused on the aircraft carrier ARA Twenty May withdrew from the area, ending the direct threat to the British fleet had its pincer movement represented.
In a separate incident later that night, British forces engaged a patrol gunboat Argentina, the ARA Alferez Sobral. At the same time, Ensign Sobral was looking for the bomber crew of the Argentina Air Force English Electric Canberra light down on 01 May. Two Royal Navy Lynx fired four missiles Sea Skua against him. Badly damaged and with eight crew dead, the Sobral made it back to Puerto Deseado two days later, but the crew were never Canberra found.
Initial reports that combined the two incidents, contributing to confusion about the number of casualties and the identity of the ship that sank. The British tabloid The Sun greeted the initial reports of the attack with the headline "Gotcha." This first edition was published before the news was known that the Belgrano had been sunk in reality (recording place, wrongly, that the gunboat had been sunk) and carried no reports of actual deaths in Argentina. The headline was replaced in later editions by the little warmer "Did Argies 1200 drowning?".
Sinking of HMS Sheffield
See also: Sinking of HMS Sheffield
French built Super Etendard Argentina Naval Aviation.
On May 4, two days after the sinking of the Belgrano, the British lost the Type 42 destroyer HMS Sheffield to fire following an Exocet missile strike. Sheffield had been ordered forward with two other 42s to provide a radar long-range, medium altitude missile-high picket far from British companies. He was struck amidships, with devastating effect in the final instance, killing 20 crew members and seriously injuring another 24. The ship was abandoned hours later, gutted and deformed by the fires continued to burn over six days. She finally sank outside the Maritime Exclusion Zone on May 10.
The incident is described in detail by Admiral Sandy Woodward in his book One Hundred Days, Chapter One. Woodward was a former commanding officer of Sheffield.
The tempo of operations increased during the second half of May as the United Nations attempts to mediate a peace were rejected by the British, who believes that any delay would make a campaign impractical in the South Atlantic storms. Destruction Sheffield had a profound impact on the British public, bringing home the fact that the Falklands Crisis, "according to BBC News said, was now a true" fire war. "
SAS operations
British propaganda leaflet intended for Argentine soldiers dropped during the Falkland Islands War. Entitled "Islands of the damned," says the Argentinean warships and planes to enter into the exclusion zone of the Falkland Islands.
Given the threat to the British fleet which is the combination-Etendard Exocet, plans were made for the Special Air Service troops used to attack the main base of the five Etendards in Ro Grande, Tierra del Fuego. The operation was code named "Mikado." The aim was to destroy the missiles and aircraft that took them, and kill the pilots in their quarters. Two plans were developed and subjected to preliminary test: a landing at about fifty-five SAS in two C-130 Hercules aircraft directly in the track of the Rio Grande, and infiltration of twenty-four SAS for inflatable boats brought within a few miles from the coast by submarine. No plan was implemented, the previous plan airborne assault attracted a considerable hostility of some members of the SAS, which regarded the proposed attack a suicide mission. Ironically, the area of Rio Grande would be defended by four battalions the full force of Marines Marine Corps Navy Argentina Argentina, some of whose officers were trained in the UK for years before SBS.
After the war, Argentina Marine commanders admitted they were expecting some kind of landing SAS forces, but did not expect to Hercules land directly in their tracks, even though they have carried out the British forces, even in Chilean territory if attacked.
A SAS reconnaissance team was sent to carry out preparations for an infiltration by sea. Westland Sea King helicopter takes off from the team assigned to HMS Invincible in the night May 17, but bad weather forced it to land 50 miles (80 kilometers) from its target, and the mission was aborted. The pilot flew to Chile and was removed from team SAS, before setting fire to his helicopter and delivered to the Chilean authorities. The discovery of the burning helicopter attracted considerable international attention at the time.
On 14 May, the SAS carried out the raid on Pebble Island in the Falkland Islands, where the Armada Argentina had taken over a grass airstrip FMA IA-58 Pucara light aircraft for ground attack and a dozen T-34. The attack destroyed the aircraft there.
Landing at San Carlos Alley pump
Article Home: Operation Sutton
Context of the landings in the Falklands.
San Carlos landing sites.
An Argentine Air Force A-4C Skyhawk flying to the islands.
Gate guardian painted with the colors of the last A-4Q Argentina Navy to attack HMS Ardent. The pilot Lieutenant Marcelo Gustavo Mrquez was killed in action.
During the night of May 21 the British Amphibious Task Group under the command of Commodore Michael Clapp (Commodore, amphibians Warfare – COMAW) mounted Operation Sutton the amphibious landing on the beaches around San Carlos Water, on the northwest coast of East Falkland faces Falkland. The bay, known as Alley pump by British forces, was the scene of repeated air strikes by low-flying Argentine aircraft.
The 4,000 men of 3 Commando Brigade were grounded as follows: 2nd Battalion Parachute Regiment (2 Para) from the RORO ferry Norland and 40 Commando (Royal Marines) from the amphibious ship HMS Fearless were landed in San Carlos (Blue Beach), paragraph 3 of HMS Intrepid amphibious landing at the Port of San Carlos (Green Beach) and 45 Commando landed on the RFA Stromness Bay Ajax (Red Beach). Note that the waves of 8 and 8 UML LCVPs were led by Major Ewen Southby-Tailyour who had commanded the detachment of the Falklands only one year before. 42 Commando on the liner SS Canberra was a tactical reserve. Units of the Royal Artillery, Royal Engineers and tanks etc are also grounded to vehicle landing, the Round Table class mexeflote LSL and barges. Rapier launchers were carried as underslung loads Sea Kings for rapid deployment.
At dawn next day it had established a secure beachhead from which to conduct offensive operations. From there Brigadier Thompson's plan was to capture Darwin and Goose Green before turning towards Port Stanley. Now, with British troops on the ground, the Air Force Argentina began the bombing campaign of the night Canberra bombers against using the last day of the war (June 14).
At sea, the shortage of defenders of British ships against aircraft was shown in the sinking of HMS Ardent on 21 May, HMS Antelope on May 21 and MV Atlantic Conveyor (hit by two Exocet AM39) on 25 May along with a load vital helicopters, construction equipment and tents track. The loss of all but one of the Chinook helicopters are taking the Atlantic Conveyor was a severe blow from a logistics perspective. Also lost in this day was HMS Coventry, a sister to HMS Sheffield, whilst in the company of HMS Espada after being ordered to act as a decoy to draw Argentine aircraft from other boats in the bay of San Carlos. HMS Argonaut and HMS Brilliant were badly damaged. However, many British ships suffered no permanent damage, since the bombing tactics of the Argentine pilots.
To avoid concentration high of British air defenses, the Argentine pilots launched artifacts very low altitude, and therefore their bomb fuses did not have time to arm before impact. The launch of low-delay bombs (some of them had been sold to Argentina by the British years earlier) meant that many never exploded as there was insufficient time in the air to be armed. A simple free-fall bomb will, in a statement of low height, the impact almost directly below the aircraft then Area lethal fragmentation resulting explosion. A bomb has delayed a small parachute or air brakes that opens to reduce the speed of the pump produce a safe separation between the two. The delayed fuse for a bomb requires a minimum time during which the retarder is open to ensure a separation safe. The pilots would have been aware of this, but due to high concentration levels necessary to avoid SAM and AAA, and any British Sea Harriers, many are not up to the point of release is necessary. The problem was solved by the improvised setup delay devices, allowing low-level bombing attacks as employees at 08 June.
In his autobiographical account of the Falklands War, Admiral Woodward blames the BBC World Service for these changes at the pumps. Service World reported the lack of detonations after receiving a briefing on the subject from a Defense Ministry official. He describes the BBC as more concerned with being "seekers of truth without fear that the life of the British military. H colonel. "Jones leveled similar accusations against the BBC after that revealed the imminent British attack on Goose Green by 2 Para. Jones had threatened to take the prosecution of senior BBC officials for treason, but no could do since he himself was killed in action around Goose Green.
Thirteen bombs hit British ships without detonating. Mr Craig, retired Marshal Royal Air Force, is said to have remarked: "Six better fuses [sic] and we would have lost", but ardent and Antelope were lost despite the failure of the bombs about to burst. The detonators were working properly, and the bombs were released just a very low altitude. The Argentines lost 22 aircraft in the attacks.
Battle of Goose
East Falkland showing bridgehead San Carlos, Teal Inlet, Mt Kent and Mt Challenger
Main article: Battle of Goose Green
From very early on 27 May until 28 May, 2 Para, (approximately 500 men) with artillery support from 8 (Alma battery) Commando (Royal Artillery) approached and attacked Darwin and Goose Green, held by Argentina on 12 Infantry Regiment. After a fierce battle that lasted all night and the next day 17 British and 47 Argentine soldiers were killed. In total, 961 Argentine soldiers (including 202 of the Air Force airfield Argentina of the Condor) were made prisoners.
The BBC announced the taking of Goose Green in the BBC World Service before it actually happened. It was during this attack that Lieutenant Colonel H. Jones, the officer in command of 2 Para was killed while charging in Argentina well prepared positions in front of his battalion. He was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross.
With considerable force Argentina at Goose Green out of the way, British forces were now able to leave the bridgehead San Carlos. On 27 May, men of 45 Cdo and 3 Para started a march loaded across East Falkland to the coastal town of Teal input.
Special Forces Kent Monte
Meanwhile, 42 Commando prepared to move by helicopter to Mount Kent. Without that senior British officers, the Argentine generals were determined to tie the troops British in the area of Mount Kent, and May 27 and May 28 were sent transport planes loaded with torch-to-air missiles and commands (602nd Commando Company and six hundred and first National Gendarmerie Special Forces Squadron) to Stanley. This operation was known as Operation Self-imposed (self-determination initiative.)
In the following week, the Special Air Service (SAS) and Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre of 3 Commando Brigade fought intense battles with patrols of the 602nd Patrol volunteers in the Great Commando Company Aldo Rico, normally 2IC of the 22nd Mountain Infantry Regiment. Through May 30, the Royal Air Force Harriers were active on Mount Kent. One Harrier XZ 963 flown by Squadron Leader Jerry Pook in response to a call for help from D Squadron, Kent Monte attacked eastern lower slopes, and that led to his loss by small arms fire. Pook was subsequently awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross.
Entrenched Argentine soldiers.
The Armada Argentina used their last AM39 Exocet missile attack attempting HMS Invincible on May 30. There are claims of the missile struck without But the British have refused, citing that some HMS Avenger cannon.
On 31 May, the Royal Marines Mountain and Arctic Warfare Cadre (M & AWC) defeated Argentina Special Forces at the Battle of Top Malo House. An Argentine Army detachment of 13 people Commando (first Capt. Jose Vercesi of Assault Section 602nd Commando Company) was trapped in the house of a young pastor at Top Malo. Argentine commands fired from windows and doors and then took refuge in a bed of a stream 200 meters (700 feet) from the burning house. Completely surrounded, fought and 19 M AWC Marines under Captain Rod Boswell forty and five minutes until, with their ammunition nearly exhausted, chose to surrender.
Three Cadre members were seriously injured. In the Argentine side left two people dead, including Ernesto Espinoza Lieutenant and Sergeant Matthew Sbert (which were decorated for bravery). Only five Argentines were free. As the British wiped Top Malo House, Hill came down Bad Lieutenant Fraser M Haddow of AWC and patrol, waving a large flag of the United Kingdom. A wounded soldier Argentina, Horacio Losito Lieutenant, said your escape route would have taken over the position Haddow.
Major Mario Castagneto Commands six hundred and first tried to advance and Kawasaki motorcycles took over Land Rover to rescue 602nd Commando Company of Mountain Ranch. Spotted by 42 Commando Royal Marines, who were committed to 81 mm mortars and forced to retreat to the mountains Dos Hermanas. Captain Eduardo Villarruel stay in mountain realized his position had become untenable and after conferring with his fellow officers ordered a retreat.
The operation of Argentina also saw the extensive use of helicopter support to the position and extract patrols Combat six hundred and first Aviation Battalion also suffered casualties. At about 11:00 on May 30, an Aerospatiale SA-330 Puma was shot down by a shoulder-launched Stinger surface-to-air missiles (SAM) fired by the SAS in the vicinity of Mount Kent. Six of the National Gendarmerie Special Forces were killed and eight others were injured in the accident.
As Brigadier Julian Thompson said: "It was fortunate that I had overlooked the views expressed by Northwood that recognition of Mount Kent before insertion of 42 Commando redundant. Troop "D" If you are not there, Special Forces Command Argentina have called off the plane before and in the dark and confusion in a strange landing area, hit hard the men and helicopters. "
Bluff Cove and Fitzroy
Main article: Bluff Cove Disaster
The abandoned town of RFA Sir Tristram in Fitzroy.
Before June 1, with the arrival of a new 5000 British soldiers of the 5th Infantry Brigade the new British divisional commander, Major General Jeremy Moore RM, is strong enough to begin planning an offensive against Stanley. [Citation needed]
During this accumulation, the Argentine air attacks British naval forces followed, killing 56. Of the dead, 32 were from the Welsh Guards in the RFA Sir Galahad and RFA Sir Tristram on 8 June. According to Surgeon Commander Rick Jolly, the Falklands Field Hospital, 150 men suffered burns and injuries of some kind in attack, including, famous, Simon Weston.
The guards were sent to support a step running along the southern entrance to Stanley. On 2 June a small advance party 2 Paragraph moved to Swan's house into a series of Army Westland Scout helicopters. Telephoning Fitzroy before they discovered the clear zone of Argentine and (above authority) commanded the remaining RAF Chinook helicopter to ferry frantically another contingent of 2 Para in front of Fitzroy (a settlement in Port Pleasant) and Bluff Cove (a point solution to create confusion, and ultimately, perhaps fatally, in Port Fitzroy).
This lack of coordination advance planning caused nightmares for the commanders of the combined operation, and now they found a 30 miles (48 km) chain of indefensible positions on its southern flank. The aid could not be sent by air as the only remaining Chinook was already largely successful. The soldiers could march, but his team and supplies they need heavy to be transported by sea. Plans were made for half of the Welsh Guards and March of light in the night of June 2, while the Scots Guards and the second half of the Welsh Guards were to be transferred from San Carlos Water in the landing ship logistics (LSL) Sir Tristram and the spring platform landing (LPD) Intrepid on the evening of June 5. Intrepid was planned to stay a day and downloads itself and as much of Sir Tristram as possible, leaving the night after the relative safety of San Carlos. Escorts will be offered today, after Sir Tristram would be left to unload using a Mexeflote (A raft with motor) during the time it took to complete.
Political pressure from above to avoid the risk of LPD Commodore Clapp forced to alter this plan. Two LSLs lower value would be sent, but without suitable beaches on which to land, the Intrepid landing craft would have to accompany them to download. A complicated operating over several nights with Intrepid and Fearless twin sail half way to send their ships to its preparation. The attempted march over half of the Guard Welsh failed, possibly as they refused to go light and tried to lead his team. They returned to San Carlos and landed directly in Bluff Cove, when he submitted the Fearless landing craft. Sir Tristram sailed on the night of June 6 and was joined by Sir Galahad at dawn on 7 June. Anchored 1,200 feet (370 m) away in Port Pleasant, landing ships were near Fitzroy, the designated landing.
The landing craft should have been able to unload the ships to that point relatively quickly, but the confusion on the landing ordered (the first half of the guards go straight to Bluff Cove) resulted in the greatest of Welsh Guards infantry officer on board insist that their troops were moving to much longer distance directly to the port Fitzroy Cove / Bluff. The alternative was that the foot soldiers to march through of the newly repaired Bluff Cove bridge (destroyed by retreating Argentine combat engineers) to their destination, a journey of about seven miles (11 km).
In the stern ramp Sir Galahad had an argument about what to do. The officers on board were told they could not navigate to Bluff Cove that day. They were told they had to get his men outside the ship and the beach as soon as possible, as the boats were vulnerable to enemy aircraft. It would take 20 minutes to transport men to the shore with the LCU and Mexeflote. They would then have the option of walking the seven miles to Bluff Cove or wait until dark to navigate there. The officers on board said they remain on board until evening and the candle below. They refused to take his men off the ship. They, probably, doubted that the bridge had been repaired due to the presence on board Sir Galahad of Troop Real engineer whose job was to repair the bridge. The Welsh Guards were willing to join the rest of his battalion, which were potentially facing the enemy without their support. They had not seen any enemy aircraft from landing at San Carlos and may have been over-reliance on air defense. Ewen Southby-Tailyour gave a direct order for men to abandon ship and go to the beach. The order was ignored.
The longest journey time of the landing craft taking the troops directly to Bluff Cove and disputes over how the landing was carried out caused enormous delay in unloading. This had disastrous consequences. Without escorts, not having yet established air defense, and still almost fully charged, both in Puerto LSLs Pleasant were sitting targets for two waves of Argentina A-4 Skyhawks.
The disaster in Puerto Nice (but often known as Bluff Cove) could provide the world with some of the most sobering images of the war as a sequence of TV news video showed Navy helicopters are hovering around the thick smoke of landing ships on fire survivors. British casualties were 48 killed and 115 wounded. 3 Argentine pilots also were killed. However, the Argentine General Mario Menendez, commander of the Argentine forces in the Falklands, he was told that 900 British soldiers had died. It expected that losses would make the enemy's morale to drop and the British assault to stop.
The fall of Stanley
British paratroops guard Argentine prisoners of war cleaning Stanley.
Notable battles:
Battle of Mount Harriet
Battle of Mount Longdon
Battle of Wireless Ridge
Battle of Mons in ruins
Battle of Two Sisters
On the night of June 11 after several days of hard recognition and accumulation of logistics, British forces launched a night attack against the brigade-sized ring strongly defended the high ground surrounding Stanley. Units of 3 Commando Brigade, supported naval gunfire from several Royal Navy ships at once assaulted in the Battle of Mount Harriet, Battle of Two Sisters, and the Battle of Mount Longdon. Mount Harriet was born at a cost 2 to 18 British and Argentine soldiers. In Two Sisters, the British faced resistance both enemy and friendly fire, but managed to capture their objectives. The battle was hard on Mount Longdon. British forces were bogged down assault rifle, mortars, machine guns, artillery, sniper fire and ambushes. Despite this, the British continued their advance.
During this battle, 13 were killed when HMS Glamorgan, straying too close to the coast while returning from the line gun, was beaten by an improvised trailer-based launcher Exocet MM38 destroyer ARA Segu taken by Argentine Navy technicians. On this day, Sergeant Ian McKay of 4 Platoon, B Company, 3 Para was killed in a grenade attack on an Argentine bunker, which earned him a posthumous Victoria Cross. After a night of intense fighting, all objectives were achieved. Both sides suffered heavy losses.
On the night of June 13, with the beginning of the second phase of attacks in which maintained the momentum of the initial assault. Paragraph 2, supported by tank captured Wireless Ridge at the Battle of Wireless Ridge, in a loss of three British and Argentina 25 dead, and the second battalion, Scots Guards captured Mount shabby at the Battle of Monte in ruins, which cost the British 10 killed and 30 Argentines dead.
A pile of discarded weapons Puerto Argentino Argentine.
With the last natural defense line ruins raped in the bush, the defenses of the city began Stanley Argentina to falter. In the morning gloom, one company commander got lost and his subordinates became despondent. Regiment Private Santiago Carrizo third describes how a platoon commander ordered them to take positions in the houses and "if one is reluctant to kelp, shoot him, but the entire company did nothing of the sort.
The commander of the garrison in Stanley Argentina, Brigadier-General Mario Menndez, surrendered to Major General Jeremy Moore. 9800 Argentine troops were made prisoners some 4167 war and placed under the command of Major Carlos Carrizo Eduardo Salvador, were repatriated to Argentina on the liner Canberra alone.
Uruguay Corvette Delivery
On 20 June, the British retook the South Sandwich Islands (which implied the acceptance of the surrender of the Garrison of Southern Thule in the base Corvette Uruguay) and declared the hostilities to an end. Corvette Uruguay Argentina had established in 1976, but before 1982 the UK had challenged the basis of existence in Argentina only through diplomatic channels.
Low
'Monument to the markets in the Falklands "(Monument to the fallen in Malvinas Islands) Plaza San Martín in Buenos Aires.
The Argentine Military Cemetery, in East Falkland.
San Carlos War Memorial and Cemetery, the Falkland Islands.
A total of 907 died during the 74 days conflict:
Argentina – 649
El Ejército Argentino (Army) – 194 (16 officers, NCOs and 143 conscripts enlisted 35)
Navy of the República Argentina (Marina) – 341 (including 321 in Belgrano and 4 naval aviators)
IMARA (Marine) – 34
Argentina Area Force (Air Force) – 55 (including 31 pilots and 14 ground staff)
National Gendarmera Argentina (Border Guard) – 7
Argentina Coast Guard (Coast Guard) – 2
civilian mariners – 16
United Kingdom – 258
Royal Navy – 86 + 2 launderers Hong Kong (see below)
Royal Marines – 27 (2 officers, 14 petty officers and seamen 11)
Royal Fleet Auxiliary – 4 + 4 Hong Kong launderers
Merchant Marine – Hong Kong 6 + 2 crew
British Army – 123 (7 officers, 40 noncommissioned officers and 76 soldiers)
Royal Air Force – 1 (an official)
Falkland Islands civilians – 3 (3 women killed by "friendly fire")
Of the 86 staff Royal Navy, 22 were lost in the HMS Ardent, 19 + 1 lost in HMS Sheffield, 18 + 1 lost in HMS Coventry and HMS 13 lost to Glamorgan. Fourteen naval cooks were among the dead, the highest number of any one branch in the Royal Navy.
Thirty-three dead British army came from the Welsh Guards, 21 from the 3rd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment, 18 2nd Battalion, the Parachute Regiment, 19 Special Air Service (SAS), 3 of the Royal Signals and 8 of each of the Scots Guards and Royal Engineers.
In addition to the monuments on the islands, there is a memorial to British war dead in the cathedral crypt St Paul, London. There is a memorial in the Plaza San Martín in Buenos Aires for Argentina's war dead, another in Rosario, and a third in Ushuaia.
During the war, British dead were placed in plastic bags and buried in mass graves. After the war, the bodies were removed, taking into account the services funeral, and reburied. Argentina dead were buried on the islands during the war. The United Kingdom offered to send the bodies to Argentina, but Argentina refused, knowing that the remains would ensure a permanent presence in Argentina over the islands. There is a cemetery for the dead Argentines on the islands.
There were 1188 and 777 Argentines British non-fatal casualties. For more information about hospitals and hospital ships is at Ajax Bay, the list of hospitals and hospital ships of the Royal Navy, HMS Hydra. In the Argentine side next to the Military Hospital of Port Stanley, the motive for the Argentina Air Force field hospital was deployed to Comodoro Rivadavia and Argentina Navy ships and ARA Almirante Irizar ARA Bahia Paraiso became hospital ships
Although some have been cleared, a considerable number of minefields still exist in islands like this in Port William in East Falkland.
125 There is still no clear minefields in the Falkland Islands and explosive devices are scattered all over the battle fields due to the soft peat. According forcesmemorial.org.uk through the Falklands 25 years "Official Commemorative Publication" 30 British soldiers have died in the islands since the end of hostilities.
See also the ground forces in Argentina and Britain in the Falklands War
Aftermath
Main article: Consequences of the Falklands War
This brief war brought many consequences for all parties involved, besides the great loss of life and property.
In the United Kingdom, Margaret Thatcher won the time and support needed for its economic measures to come into force, national pride received a boost of confidence and security, the Royal Navy proved its worth once again. Subsequently, Nott cuts proposed by the Royal Navy were abandoned.
The islanders then full British citizenship was restored in 1983, their lifestyle has improved the investment made by Britain after the war and liberalization of economic measures that had been stalled for fear of angering Argentina. In 1985, a new constitution was promulgated promotion autonomy, which has continued to delegate power to the islanders.
The war for Argentina also had an effect on the way to avoid a possible war with Chile and, more importantly, the return of democracy. He had a great impact social phenomenon, destroying the military image as the moral reserve of the nation that had persisted for most of the century 20.
Public relations
Argentina
Selected war correspondents were regularly transferred to Port Stanley in military aircraft to report on the war. Back in Buenos Aires newspapers and magazines faithfully reported on "the heroic actions of the large army of conscripts and their successes."
Officials of the intelligence services were linked to newspapers and "leaked" information that confirms the government's official communiqus. People Magazines Seven brilliant Das increased to sixty pages with color photographs of British warships on fire – many of them false – and false eyewitness reports Argentine guerrilla command the war in South Georgia and the May 6 attack on a Pucar he was pronounced dead on HMS Hermes (Lt. Daniel Antonio Jukic had been killed at Goose Green during a British air raid on 1 May). Most of the fake photos actually came from the tabloids.
Argentine troops in the Falkland Islands Gazette Argentina could read newspaper intended to raise morale in the military. Some of his lies could be easily discovered by the soldiers bodies have been recovered.
The course of the Malvinas to Argentines united in a patriotic environment that protected the junta from critics, and even government opponents supported military Galtieri, Ernesto Sabato said: "Make no mistake, Europe is not a dictatorship struggle for the Falklands, the whole nation. Opponents of the military dictatorship like me, struggle to remove the last vestige of colonialism. "Even the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo were exposed to death threats from ordinary people.
HMS Invincible was sunk on several occasions in the press in Argentina, and the April 30, 1982, Argentina Tal Cual magazine showed UK PM Margaret Thatcher with an eye patch and text: Pirate, witch and murderess. Guilty!
Three British journalists sent to Argentina to cover the war from the "other side" were imprisoned until the end of the war.
United Kingdom
"The Sun" Gotcha "headline.
Seventeen journalists, two photographers, two radio reporters and three television journalists with five technicians sailed with the Task Force of the war. The Newspaper Publishers Association selected them from among the 160 applicants, excluding the foreign media. Due to the hasty departure, not all of them were "the right stuff": two reporters aboard HMS Invincible were interested in nothing more than Queen Elizabeth II Andrew son, Prince.
Civilian merchant ships had the Inmarsat uplink, allowing written telex and voice transmissions via satellite report. Canberra has a facsimile machine used for loading 202 photos of the South Atlantic during the war. The Royal Navy leased bandwidth in the U.S. Defense satellite communications system for communications worldwide. Television requires a thousand times the data rate the phone, but the Defense Ministry failed to convince U.S. to allocate more bandwidth. TV producers suspected that the investigation was to middle, from the Vietnam War television images of wounded and traumatized were recognized as having negative propaganda value. However, technology can only upload one picture for every 20 minutes – and only if military satellites were assigned 100% to the transmission of television. Videotapes were sent to Ascension Island, where a satellite link available bandwidth, resulting in television coverage was delayed by three weeks.
The press was heavily dependent Royal Navy and was banned in the hotel. Many reporters in the United Kingdom knew more about war than those with the Task Force.
The Royal Navy Fleet Street expects carrying out a campaign of World War II style of positive news, but said most British media, especially the BBC, the war in an unbiased manner. These journalists spoke of "British troops" and "the Argentine troops" instead of "our boys" and dehumanized "Argies." The two major tabloids presents opposing views: The Daily Mirror was decidedly against the war, while The Sun was made famous for its jingoistic and xenophobic headlines, including the title April 20 "Stick It Up Your Junta!", And was convicted of "Gotcha" headline after the sinking of ARA General Belgrano.
Cultural Impact
Main article: Impact of Culture of the Falklands War
Newspaper Newsweek cover, 19 April 1982. HMS Hermes in the photo.
There was wide-ranging influences on popular culture in the United Kingdom and Argentina, among the immediate postwar period to today. The Exocet yomp words entered the British vernacular as a result of the war. The Falklands War also provided material for theater, film and theater and television production influenced musicians including (among others), Iron Maiden, Pink Floyd, New Order, Gang of Four, Joe Jackson, Crass, Dire Straits (The song Brothers in arms was played in memory of dead soldiers), New Model Army, Levellers The Steve Dahl, Latin Quarter, the Super Furry Animals, and Elvis Costello, whose song "Shipbuilding", sung by Robert Wyatt, reached the British top 40.
See also
Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
The restoration of the British in the Falklands (1833)
Beagle conflict between Chile and Argentina in 1978
Sovereign Military Operation Planning Argentina versus Chile
British logistics in the Falklands War
Argentine air forces in the Falklands War
British services air in the Falklands War
A Plan of Operation Gibraltar does not conceived by the Argentine military to send some to Montoneros sabotage of British military installations in Gibraltar.
Letters
^ "Falklands 25: Background Briefing." Ministry of Defence. http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/FactSheets/Falklands25BackgroundBriefing.htm. Retrieved on 01/11/2009.
^ ":: Ministry of Defence – República Argentina::" (in Spanish). www.mindef.gov.ar. http://www.mindef.gov.ar/veteranos Malvinas.html. Retrieved on 01/11/2009.
^ Location: "War of the Malvinas Islands Malvinas Islands Malvinas alkland SLA (linkback: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War)
^ Location: "War of the Malvinas, South Georgia" l South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands, K (linkback: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War)
^ ab "Falkland Islands – A history of the conflict in 1982." Raf.mod.uk. 10/01/2004. Http: / / www.raf.mod.uk / Falklands / rollofhonour.html. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ Office of Foreign Affairs of Argentina February 11, 2010
^ National constitución: "The ratification Nacin Argentina legtima Your e imprescriptible Sovereign More over the Malvinas Islands, South Georgia and South Sandwich Spaces island Tuesday and corresponding integral parte For services Homeland "
^ "London to Prevent CMO become a Falklands in the UN's independent state." Clarin.com. http://www.clarin.com/suplementos/zona/2007/04/01/z-03415.htm. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ "Argentina – the horrors of a dictatorial past live in – Radio Netherlands Worldwide -" English. Radionetherlands.nl. 03/30/2006. Http: / / www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/arg060330mc. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ (Spanish) Malvinas, La Trama Secreta. Buenos Aires: Sudamericana / Planeta. 1983. ISBN 9789503700068. Page [edit]
^ "Tena see that with the pride and national awakening Another Juan de la Cosa. The Board Altieri Crey told me that never britnicos will give fight. l To Western bean creation itself corrupted. Those Who britnicos tenan no God, that the United States bean corrupted … I could never convince them that no one would slo fight, on top they would win. "(" This was not national pride or anything else. Altieri The board told me that he never believed that the British reply. Thought that the West was corrupt. That the British people had no God, that the U.S. was corrupt … I could never convince the British not only defend but also win [the war]. ") The Nacin / Islas Malvinas Online." Haig: "Malvinas was my Waterloo." Http: / / www.malvinasonline.com.ar/g82/artic/aresp004.htm # Haig. Retrieved September 21, 2006. [Dead Link] (Spanish)
^ "Ministry of EDUCATION, and Technological Sciences of the Nacin" (PDF). http://www.me.gov.ar/curriform/publica/sirlin_conv_dictadura.pdf. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
Abc ^ Jimmy Burns: The land that lost its heroes, 1987, Bloomsbury Publishing, ISBN 0-7475-0002-9
^ "''In Buenos Aires, the Board began a study the possibility of occupying Georgia and Falkland Islands "before" that could reinforce britnicos''. Portierramaryaire.com. http://www.portierramaryaire.com/arts/malvinas_1.php. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ Briley, Harold (April 9, 1997). "Obituary: Captain Nicholas Barker" (Subscription required for online access through periodicals NewsUK website). The Independent: p. 16. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_dat=xri:pqil:res_ver=0.2&res_id=xri:newsuk&rft_id=xri:newsuk:newsart:36868535. Retrieved on September 23, 2009.
^ "High cost of the cuts, El Espectador |, The | Find Articles at BNET.com. Findarticles.com. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3724/is_199705/ai_n8781734. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ Margolis, Laurie (02/04/2007). "UK | How BBC man picked up the invasion of news." BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6514011.stm. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
Hundred Days ^ Woodward, Admiral Sandy (1992) Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, p.72. ISBN 9781557506511, ISBN 9781557506528. Cited in the article The Waves: How the British Navy shaped the modern world Herman, A (2004) by Harper Collins, New York, p.560
^ Grimmett, Richard F. (June 1, 1999). "Foreign Policy Roles of the President and Congress." U.S. Department of State. Http: / / fpc.state.gov/6172.htm # President_as_Initiator. Retrieved 24/02/2010.
^ Brown 1987, p. 110
^ ab "Submarine Operations during the Falklands War – Naval War College of USA. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA279554. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ "1982: Marines land in South Georgia." BBC. April 25, 1982. http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/25/newsid_2503000/2503977.stm. Retrieved on June 20, 2005.
^ "… To get twenty-one bombs Port Stanley will take about one million, one hundred thousand pounds of fuel – the same [sic] about 137,000 gallons. That was enough fuel to fly Sea Harrier 260 bombing missions over Port Stanley. This in turn meant more than 1,300 bombs. Interesting! "From page 186 in Sharkey Ward: Sea Harrier over the Falklands, 1992, Cassell Military Paperbacks, ISBN 0-304-35542-9
^ "The propaganda was, Of course, later used to try to justify these missions: "The Mirage IIIS is redrawn from southern Argentina to Buenos Aires to add to the defenses Vulcan after the raids on the islands. "Apparently, the logic behind this statement was that if the Vulcan could hit Port Stanley, the [sic] Buenos Aires was also well within the range and was vulnerable to similar attacks. I never went along with the nonsense. A lone Vulcan or runs in two Buenos Aires to attack without combat support would have been killed hell in quick time. "-" Mirage IIIS were in evidence near the islands on several occasions during the conflict, is to escort the reconnaissance missions of Neptune or the "interference" flights tried to call the attention of the CAP away from air-ground attacks. "-" Suffice to say that you do not need more than one or two Mirage IIIS to intercept an attack in Buenos Aires Vulcan "-" It would have been much more than a raid Vulcan alone bother to Buenos Aires, "pages 247-48 in Sea Harrier over the Falklands
^ "Offensive air operations in the Falklands War." Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/DWF.htm. "As a result of these losses … it was decided to pull the Mirage III footer mainland alert for a possible Vulcan attack. "
^ "The Falkland Islands Conflict 1982: Fleet Air Defense." Globalsecurity.org. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/HJA.htm. "Finally, the bombing attacks caused the Argentines to fear an air strike on the mainland, causing it to retain some Mirage aircraft and Roland missiles for defense. "
^ "The Mirage family" (in Spanish), Aerospace (Air Force Argentina), ISSN 0001-9127, http://www.aeroespacio.com.ar/site/anteriores/520-528/520/mirage.htm "," The M III defender be the Argentine continental Possible Attacks by the RAF Vulcan bomber, providing an escort for the bombers of the FAA Territory, and to prevent attacks by aircraft of the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force More About Falklands. "
("The Third M defend the Argentine mainland escort provide against possible attacks by the RAF Vulcan bomber, fighter bombers to the FAA, and to avoid attacks by aircraft of the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force in the Falklands ".)"
^ "The Falkland Islands Conflict of 1982: The Fleet Air Defense. "Globalsecurity.org. Http: / / www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1984/HJA.htm." "Unfortunately, the Secretary British State Defense announced sometime in Britain not to bomb targets in the Argentine mainland. This statement was welcomed, no doubt, by the Argentine military command, allowing a very limited number of Roland SAM to be deployed around the airfield at Stanley. "
Rodrguez ^ Horacio Mottino: The Artillera Argentina in the Falklands. Ed Clo, 1985. Page 170
^ "Fuerza Area Argentina." Fuerzaaerea.mil.ar. Http: / / www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/conflicto/caidos/baja01.html. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ "News." Madryn.gov.ar. 02.04.2009. http://www.madryn.gov.ar/noticias.php?newsid=3213. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ Sharkey Ward (2003). Sea Harrier over the Falklands. Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35542-9.
^ "Argentina Force Area." Fuerzaaerea.mil.ar. http://www.fuerzaaerea.mil.ar/conflicto/dias/jun01.html. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ "ASN accident description Hercules Lockheed C-130H TC-63 – Pebble Island." Aviation-safety.net. Http: / / aviation-safety.net/database/record.php? Id = 19820601-0 & lang = en. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ Evans, Michael (November 27, 2007). "Underwater and undercover: how nuclear subs were first line of defense Malvinas." Times Online. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article2950936.ece.
^ Admiral Sandy Woodward, one of the Hundred Days, page 8. ISBN 9780007134670
^ "The SAS vs Exocet." www.eliteukforces.info. 10/27/2007. http://www.eliteukforces.info/articles/sas-versus-exocets.php # prof. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ Smith, Michael (March 8, 2002). "The mission of SAS 'suicide' to end with Exocet missiles." http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2002/03/08/nfalk08.xml.
^ Middlebrook, p. 75.
^ The Infantera Marina de la Armada Argentina in the south of the Atlantic Conflict, ISBN 987-433-641-2
Thatcher in the dark ^ collapse Belgrano – Times Online link [dead]
^ Location: "Bomb" a water Charles Avenue, alkland Islands (linkback: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War # Landing_at_San_Carlos_.E2.80.94_Bomb_Alley)
^ Yates, David (2006). Bomb Alley – Falkland Islands 1982. Pen and the Sword. ISBN 9781844154173. Page [edit]
^ "World | Charles Falklands tour ends somber note." BBC News. 15/03/1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/297414.stm. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ Rumley, Leesa (01/06/2007). "Captain Hart Dyke, commander of HMS Coventry''''". BBC News. Http: / / news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6705387.stm. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
Ab ^ Sandy Woodward (2003). Hundred Days: The Memoirs of the Battle Group Commander Malvinas. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-0071-3467-3, ISBN 9781557506511, ISBN 9781557506528 ..
^ "British ships sunk and damaged – Falklands War 1982." Naval history.net. http://www.naval-history.net/F62brshipslost.htm. Retrieved 7/2/2010.
^ Gethin Chamberlain (April 5, 2002). "Could it be capable of the British forces to recover the Falklands today?" (The Subscription required for service access files). The Scotsman: p. 12. Retrieved on 5 April 2002. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2003&res_dat=xri:pqil:res_ver=0.2&res_id=xri:newsuk&rft_id=xri:newsuk:newsart:112991016.
^ "Falklands Conflict: Battles: History." The Royal Navy. 04/02/1982. http://www.royal-navy.mod.uk/server/show/nav.3956. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ [May 21/27th: 9 Dagger, 5 A-4C, 3 A-4Q, three A-4B and Pucara 2]
^ Location: Mount Kent Kent ount, alkland Islands (linkback: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falklands_War # Special_forces_on_Mount_Kent)
^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 49 134, p. 12 854, 8 October 1982. Retrieved on February 19, 2010.
^ "Aircraft Argentines in the Falklands. "Britain-smallwars.com. http://www.britains-smallwars.com/Falklands/Exocet.html. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
^ "Fuerza Aérea Argentina – Group 5. Skyhawk.org. Http://www.skyhawk.org/2e/argentina/argentina-af4th5th.htm. Retrieved on 02/07/2010.
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